genetics lab

3. A laboratory test used to measure the activity or biological effect of a specific molecule or gene.
5. The typical or "normal" form of an organism or gene as it occurs in nature.
6. The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA.
7. Describes an organism that cannot synthesize a particular nutrient required for its growth.
10. The population of cells (like sperm or eggs) that pass on genetic information to the next generation.
12. Cells that make up the body of an organism, excluding the reproductive cells.
14. A gene that has undergone a permanent alteration in its DNA sequence.
15. The process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
17. A small, circular piece of DNA located outside the chromosome, commonly used in cloning.
18. The physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.
19. The process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

1. A single-celled fungus often used as a simple eukaryotic model in laboratories.
2. A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
4. A non-human species studied to understand particular biological phenomena (e.g., E. coli, Drosophila).
8. A population of cells descended from a single cell and grown in a laboratory for research.
9. A laboratory technique used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA segment (Polymerase Chain Reaction).
11. A method used to separate DNA fragments or proteins based on their size and charge using an electric field.
13. A type of gene that slows down cell division or repairs DNA mistakes; if it fails, cancer may develop.
16. A protein that binds to DNA and regulates the "turning on" or "off" of specific genes.