Across
- 4. A genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame
- 8. An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template
- 11. The basic unit of DNA packaging, consisting of DNA wrapped around histones
- 12. Non-coding regions of RNA removed during RNA processing in eukaryotes
- 14. A triplet of mRNA nucleotides that encodes a specific amino acid
- 19. The addition of acetyl groups to histones, often enhancing gene expression
- 22. A DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
- 27. Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
- 30. The synthesis of proteins by decoding mRNA through ribosomes
- 33. An enzyme that relieves strain in the DNA helix during replication
- 34. A mutation introducing a premature stop codon, halting translation
- 36. The genetic makeup of an organism
- 40. A unicellular organism lacking a nucleus, with circular DNA
- 41. The addition of methyl groups to DNA, often silencing gene expression
- 42. A process where the end product of a pathway inhibits its own synthesis
- 43. mRNA that contains multiple genes, typical in prokaryotes
- 45. An enzyme that replicates DNA by synthesizing complementary strands
- 46. A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism
- 47. Untranslated regions in mRNA that play regulatory roles but do not encode proteins
- 48. The process of converting the information in a gene into a functional protein or RNA product
- 49. DNA packaged with proteins into a compact structure in eukaryotic cells
- 50. A molecular complex that removes introns and splices exons in eukaryotic RNA
Down
- 1. A segment of DNA that encodes a protein or functional RNA
- 2. An organism with membrane-bound organelles and linear chromosomes
- 3. The structure formed when multiple polypeptides join to make a functional protein
- 5. Ribosomal RNA, a structural component of ribosomes
- 6. A molecule that activates a repressor protein to inhibit gene transcription
- 7. The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
- 9. A mutation that changes a nucleotide but does not alter the amino acid sequence
- 10. mRNA that contains information for a single gene, typical in eukaryotes
- 13. A protein that aids bacterial RNA polymerase in promoter recognition
- 15. A cluster of functionally related genes controlled by a single promoter in prokaryotes
- 16. The observable traits of an organism influenced by genes and environment
- 17. A double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information using the nucleotide bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
- 18. A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis, composed of bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine
- 20. Heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
- 21. The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase
- 23. An inducible operon regulating genes for lactose metabolism in bacteria
- 24. A modified guanine nucleotide added to the start of eukaryotic mRNA for stability and ribosome attachment
- 25. A eukaryotic promoter sequence essential for binding transcription factors
- 26. A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins from mRNA
- 28. A molecule that inactivates a repressor to activate gene transcription
- 29. A string of adenine nucleotides added to eukaryotic mRNA to prevent degradation
- 31. Coding regions of RNA spliced together to form the final mRNA transcript
- 32. A repressible operon controlling genes for tryptophan synthesis in bacteria
- 35. A mutation that changes a nucleotide, resulting in a different amino acid
- 37. An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix for replication
- 38. A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes involving cell division
- 39. A triplet on tRNA that pairs with an mRNA codon during translation
- 44. Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form nucleosomes