Across
- 7. highly weathered forest soils; subtropical climate
- 10. expandable clay soils; subtropics, tropics; sufficient dry period; form large cracks when dry, swell when wet
- 12. permafrost-affect soils; large quantities of organic carbon; tundra climate at high latitude and in mountain highlands
- 14. Fertile soil = 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, 25% air, 25% water
- 17. Occurs mainly in regions bordering the Arctic Ocean and generally north of the 50°F isotherm for the warmest month. Daylength varies greatly throughout the year, seasonally changing from almost continuous day to continuous
- 19. northern conifer forest soils; cool, humid climate
- 21. weakly developed soils; humid regions
- 22. each organism benefits and is sustained over an extended period by the relationship, honey bee and flower
- 27. light-colored layer represents the zone of maximum leaching
- 29. one species harms another but is not affected itself; black walnut tree
- 31. study of the distribution of plants and animals, the diverse spatial patterns they create, and the physical and biological processes, past and present, that produce Earth’s species richness
- 32. alive, naturally occurring nutrients and minerals, complete and self-sustaining ecosystem
- 35. the A, E, and B horizons, true definable soil of the profile
- 36. linear path of energy that flows from producers to consumers and eventually detritivores and decomposers
- 38. the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment, and among the various ecosystems in the biosphere
- 39. host to the most diverse collection of plants and animals on the planet.tropical rain forests occupy about 7% of the world’s total land area but represent approximately 50% of Earth’s species and about half of its remaining forests
- 40. subdivided into warm desert and semidesert, caused by the warm temperatures and low precipitation associated with the subtropical high-pressure cells, and cold desert and semidesert, which tend toward higher latitudes, where subtropical high pressure affects climate for less than 6 months of the year; polar deserts, occurs in high-latitude regions, including most of Antarctica and Greenland, with very cold, dry climates. Vegetation, sparse in the predominantly ice- and rock covered polar deserts, is mainly lichens and mosses
- 41. non-native species
- 43. underlying geologic material from which the soil forms, usually bedrock, rock fragments, or sediments
- 45. grassland soils; high fertility, humus rich, important agricultural soil, subhumid, semiarid lands
- 46. large expanses of grassland, either treeless or interrupted by scattered trees and shrubs, characterized by the presence of xerophytes (drought resistant plants)
- 47. soil rich in hydrogen ions has a low pH; pH below 7.0, and are strongly acidic below 5.0
- 49. the function or occupation of a life form withing a given community
- 52. weathered bedrock or weathered parent material, regolith, plant roots and soil microorganisms are rare
- 53. the sphere of life and organic activity, extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of about 5 mi into the atmosphere
- 55. downward or sideways movement of dissolved or suspended material in rainwater, percolating water removes fine particles and soluble materials and carries them to lower horizons
- 56. soils formed from volcanic activity, especially common along the Pacific Rim
- 57. The physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the environment that determine species distributions and population size
- 58. sand, silt, clay; no minerals or nutrients; not an organized ecosystem
Down
- 1. soil classification system that emphasizes the physical and chemical properties of the soil profile
- 2. organic soils; wetlands; peat or bod; >20% organic material
- 3. the accumulation of material and water-soluble compounds leached from an overlying soil layer
- 4. a self-sustaining association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment
- 5. organisms that share the same basic feeding level
- 6. topsoil, richer in organic content than lower horizons, humus and clay particles provide essential chemical connections between soil nutrients and plants.
- 8. shrubland that occupies temperate regions that have dry summers, generally corresponding to the Mediterranean climates, vegetation varies between primarily woody shrubs to grassy woodlands
- 9. moderately weathered forest soils; subtopical climate
- 11. recent soils; profile undeveloped; all climates
- 13. undecomposed litter, decomposed organic debris, and humus, 20-30% or more organic material
- 15. type of environment in which an organism resides or is biologically adapted to live
- 16. bedrock, unweathered parent material
- 18. tundra can occur at high elevations in the lower latitudes; usually occurs above the tree line (the elevation above which trees cannot grow)
- 20. This grassland is most modified by human activity, includes the world’s “breadbaskets”—regions that produce bountiful grain (wheat and corn), soybeans, and livestock (hogs and cattle), only naturally occurring trees are deciduous broadleaf trees along streams and other limited sites
- 23. lush forests in wet, humid regions, includes coast redwoods, the world’s tallest trees; precipitation approaching 160 in. per year, moderate air temperatures, summer fog, and an overall maritime influence
- 24. one species benefits and the other experiences neither harm nor benefit:remora(suckerfish) and sharks
- 25. overlapping relationship between organisms of two species
- 26. This realm is a geographic region where a group of associated plant and animal species evolved, have been used as a basis for establishing terrestrial ecosystem regions
- 28. Tropical soils; mature soil, low fertility; hot, humid areas
- 29. desert soils; hot, dry areas
- 30. a large, stable, terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem classified according to the predominant vegetation type and the adaptations of particular organisms to that environment
- 33. one species benefits, and another is harmed by the association;
- 34. vertical section of soil that extends from the surface to the deepest extent of plant roots or to the point where regolith or bedrock is encountered
- 37. species that live in only one geographic location on Earth
- 42. one of the first scientists to study the effect of climatic factors on species distributions; hypothesized that plants and animals occur in related groupings wherever similar climatic conditions occur
- 43. capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy; manufacture their own
- 44. soil low in hydrogen ions (and high in cations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium); pH above 7.0, and are strongly alkaline above 8.5
- 48. a complex network of interconnected food chains
- 50. the smallest unit of soil that displays all the characteristics and properties used for classification
- 51. Maximum zone of accumulation of weathering products
- 54. boundary zone between different but adjoining ecosystems at any scale