Across
- 2. Any process that wears away or rearranges landforms.
- 5. An open-ended, logarithmic scale that estimates earthquake amplitude magnitude.
- 7. Elevation differences in a local landscape; an expression of local height differences of landforms.
- 10. The mountainous landform at the end of magma conduit, which rises from below the crust and vents to the surface.
- 11. An unstable isotope that decays, or breaks down, into a different element, emitting radiation in the process.
- 16. The consolidated or unconsolidated material from which soils develop, ranging from unconsolidated sediments and weathered rock to bedrock.
- 17. A boundary transition zone between adjoining ecosystems that may vary in width and represent areas of tension as similar species of plants and animals compete for the resources.
- 20. A sharp release of energy that sends waves travelling through Earth's crust at the moment of rupture along a fault or in association with volcanic activity.
Down
- 1. Magma that issues from volcanic activity into the surface; the extrusive rock that results when magma solidifies.
- 3. A technique that uses the atomic structure of chemical elements, specifically the relative amounts of their isotopes, to identify the channel composition of past oceans and ice masses.
- 4. The mechanism driving movement of the continents; associated with upwelling flows of magma along the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges.
- 6. Information about past environments that represent changes in climate, such as isotope analysis or tree ring dating.
- 8. The most common sedimentary rock; it is lithified calcium carbonate; very susceptible to chemical weathering by acids in the environment, including carbonic acid in rainfall.
- 9. A process that earlier amplifies or reduces a climate trend toward either warming or cooling.
- 12. The chemical breakdown, always in the presence of water, of the constituent minerals in rock.
- 13. The deposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water.
- 14. A type of desert biome found at higher latitudes than cold deserts, occurring mainly in the very cold, dry climates of Greenland and Antarctica.
- 15. A biome in the northernmost portions of North America and Northern Europe and Russia, featuring low, ground level herbaceous plants as well as some woody plants.
- 18. A large-scale, stable, terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem classified according to the predominant vegetation type and the adaptations of particular organisms to that environment.
- 19. Molten rock from beneath Earth's surface; fluid, gaseous under tremendous pressure, and either intruded into existing crustal rock or extruded into the surface as lava.