Across
- 5. determining the age or order of things from the past or past events without knowing or calculating the actual age.
- 9. a core sample of ice removed from a sheet of ice. Properties of the ice and the crystallized components in the ice are used to reconstruct climatic record.
- 11. the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past.
- 13. forms when a mold is filled with sand or mud that hardens into the shape of the organism.
- 14. -the complete elimination (dying out) of a species due to its inability to survive and adapt to its environment.
- 18. – Forms when organisms or parts, like leaves, stems, flowers, fish, are pressed between layers of soft mud or clay that hardens, squeezing almost all the decaying organism away and leaving the carbon imprint in the rock.
- 20. - the crust that makes up the continents.
Down
- 1. - the study of the rocks, processes, and history of Earth.
- 2. - Forms when the mud or sand hardens into stone where an organism's footprint, trail, or burrow is left behind.
- 3. - the system of chronological measurement that relates to the history of events in Earth's past, consisting of fossils and major events. This timeline includes the divisors of the 4.6 billion years of Earth's geologic and biologic existence and divides time into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The divisions of the time scale are based on major events that have caused major geologic or biologic changes throughout history, such as mass extinctions.
- 4. – Form when entire organisms or parts of organisms are prevented from decaying by being trapped in rock, ice, tar, or amber.
- 6. forms when minerals soak into the buried remains, replacing them and changing them into rock.
- 7. - cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism
- 8. the measurement of the known rates of decay of radioactive materials found in an object, that are used to determine the age of that object.
- 10. - the change in a geographic area caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains forming, and other natural phenomena.
- 12. -the Earth's lithosphere is broken into major and minor plates of continental or oceanic crust that are in constant motion due to their position above the convection currents of the asthenosphere.
- 15. a fracture along which blocks of the Earth's crust that are caused by the shifting or dislodging of the Earth's crust. Types include normal, strike-slip, or reverse.
- 16. forms when sediments bury an organism and the sediments change into rock; the organism decays, leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism.
- 17. - a radioactive heavy metal that is an abundant source of nuclear energy that has 14 known isotopes used in radioactive dating.
- 19. the fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to determine the date of the rock layer in which it was found.