Geology

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Across
  1. 5. The large, continuous masses of land on the Earth's surface.
  2. 6. A long, narrow, and deep depression on the ocean floor, typically formed at a convergent boundary where subduction occurs.
  3. 9. A large natural elevation of the earth's surface, with ranges that match across separated continents.
  4. 10. The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
  5. 13. The innermost layer of the Earth, divided into a liquid outer part and a solid inner part.
  6. 17. The transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (like the mantle), driving plate tectonics.
  7. 19. The liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core.
  8. 21. The southern supercontinent formed from the breakup of Pangaea.
  9. 26. The Earth's innermost part, believed to be a solid sphere.
  10. 27. The upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance 1 to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. 2
  11. 29. A rupture in the Earth's crust that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape, often found at convergent or divergent boundaries.
  12. 31. The action that continents are constantly undergoing over geological time.
Down
  1. 1. The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
  2. 2. A long, narrow elevation on the seafloor, marking a divergent plate boundary where new crust is formed.
  3. 3. Preserved remains or traces of ancient life, used as evidence for continental drift.
  4. 4. A type of plate boundary where tectonic plates move toward each other and collide.
  5. 7. The single, enormous ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea.
  6. 8. The northern supercontinent formed from the breakup of Pangaea.
  7. 11. The process by which one tectonic plate slides beneath another at a convergent boundary.
  8. 12. The branch of geology concerned with the structure of the earth's crust and its evolution.
  9. 14. Relating to glaciers or ice ages, evidence of which is found on continents now near the equator.
  10. 15. A type of plate boundary where tectonic plates move away from each other.
  11. 16. A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, allowing the blocks to move relative to each other, common at all plate boundaries.
  12. 18. The German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift.
  13. 20. The layer of the earth between the crust and the core.
  14. 22. A large, rigid slab of solid rock that makes up the Earth's lithosphere.
  15. 23. A supercontinent that existed millions of years ago, containing all of Earth's landmasses.
  16. 24. A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, often occurring at plate boundaries.
  17. 25. A type of plate boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.
  18. 28. Relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.
  19. 30. Describes how the shapes of continents, like Africa and South America, fit together.