Geology & Earth Systems

2. Rock formed when magma or lava cools and hardens.
4. A circular movement caused by hot material rising and cooler material sinking.
5. The rigid outer layer of Earth made of the crust and upper mantle, broken into plates.
7. Plates move apart, creating mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys.
9. A huge wave caused by an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption.
11. Rock made from compressed sediments.
12. The solid metallic center of Earth, mostly iron and nickel.
17. The movement of sediments by water, wind, or ice.
18. Plates move toward each other, forming mountains or volcanoes.
19. A place where hot mantle rock melts through the crust, creating volcanoes (ex: Hawaii).
20. The place where two plates meet.
22. Plates slide past each other, often causing earthquakes.

1. The downhill movement of soil or rock, such as a landslide.
3. The shaking of Earth caused by sudden movement along a fault.
6. The breaking down of rock at Earth’s surface by wind, water, or ice.
8. The theory that Earth’s lithosphere is broken into plates that move because of convection in the mantle.
10. A break or crack in Earth’s crust where movement occurs.
13. The liquid metallic layer around the inner core; movement here creates Earth’s magnetic field.
14. Rock changed by heat and pressure deep in Earth.
15. An opening in Earth’s surface where magma escapes as lava, ash, and gases.
16. The process of forming mountains, usually at convergent boundaries.
21. The thick, hot, moving rock layer beneath the crust; makes up most of Earth’s volume.