Geology in North Dakota

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Across
  1. 2. A person who studies earth, rocks, and minerals, specializing in surface
  2. 6. A good place to see formations in western North Dakota. These rock layers were deposited during the Paleocene Epoch and its two main layers are the Bullion Creek and Sentinel Butte formations.
  3. 10. Rocks left by glaciers on the North Dakota prairies, transported by glaciers during the Ice Age.
  4. 12. The study of the Earth, its structures, history, composition, life forms, and
  5. 13. The current era, with 3 periods and several epochs. Characterized by the rise of mammals and modern ecosystems.
  6. 15. A graphic representation of the layers of rock and sediments beneath the surface, providing insights into the Earth's history and past events.
  7. 16. The material, either mineral or organic, deposited by wind, water, or ice, providing insights into past environmental conditions and geological processes.
  8. 18. A type of coal found in North Dakota, high in moisture and low in heat production compared to other coals, providing insights into past vegetation and climate.
Down
  1. 1. A hill of gravel or rock left by a melting glacier, such as those at Sully's Hill National Wildlife Refuge, providing evidence of past glacial activity.
  2. 3. Layers of sediment deposited over millions of years below the earth's surface, revealing the history of geological and environmental changes.
  3. 4. A large geologic feature covering parts of ND, MT, SD, and Canada. It formed over millions of years, creating deep layers of sedimentary rock up to 16,000 feet thick. These layers contain important resources like coal, oil, and natural gas.
  4. 5. Era that spanned 3 periods in which dinosaurs dominated. The era ended with the extinction of dinosaurs. This ear is also known as the "age of reptiles."
  5. 7. A geographical feature that covered most of North Dakota roughly 60 million years ago. In time, dense layers of decaying vegetation in this damp environment formed a moist loose layer. Eventually, the bogs were buried under many layers of rocky sediment. With time and pressure, the plants that had once lined the shores became lignite coal.
  6. 8. A group of meltwater lakes left behind by melting glaciers during the Ice Age, shaping the valley of the Red River and leaving evidence of past environmental conditions.
  7. 9. A cylindrical slice of the earth's layers obtained by drilling to study geologic history and composition.
  8. 11. A distinct layer of rock, usually consistent over a large area, representing a long period of time in geological history.
  9. 14. A French term meaning 'little hills,' found east of the Missouri River and west of the James River in North Dakota.
  10. 17. A ridge formed by sediment deposited by a stream that flowed through tunnels created under a glacier or through cracks in a glacier.