Geophysical Hazards

2. The very slow, gradual downslope creeping movement of soil over time.
4. A series of extremely long, high-energy ocean waves caused by the large-scale, sudden displacement of water, most commonly from undersea earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions.
5. The point on the earths surface directly above the focus.
7. The rotational slump movement of saturated soil or clay downslope along a curved slip plane.
9. This type of volcano is gentle and wide.
12. The rapid release of energy along a fault line that causes the earth’s crust to suddenly move.
14. This type of volcano is explosive and has alternating eruptions of solid material - tephra and lava.
15. The sudden free‑fall of individual rocks or rock fragments from a steep slope or cliff face.
17. A fast‑moving flow of saturated soil, mud, and debris downslope, often following river channels.
18. The point within the earth where an earthquake starts.

1. A volcano forms from a stationary plume of unusually hot magma rising from deep within the Earth's mantle, melting through the overlying tectonic plate.
3. The rapid downslope movement of a large mass of rock, soil, and debris along a failure plane.
6. This measures the magnitude of an earthquake. Every point on the scale is 10x larger than the previous one.
8. The downslope movement of soil, rock, and debris primarily driven by gravity, occurring slowly or rapidly and significantly shaping landscapes, often triggered by water, earthquakes, or slope steepness.
10. Hot, fast-moving mix of gas, ash, rock that is produced by a volcano.
11. The name given to magma once it has erupted from the earth and is flowing on land.
13. The name given to the waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake.
16. The name given to a volcanic mudflow.