Across
- 6. A conceptualized framework that provides the ability to capture and analyze spatial and geographic data
- 10. A data model that represents the world as a surface divided into a regular grid of cells (pixels).
- 11. A method of determining relative positions of objects using the geometry of triangles, specifically the distance from three or more known points.
- 13. A large collection of points in a 3D coordinate system (x, y, z). These points are the raw output of a LiDAR scan before they are processed into a Raster surface like a DSM.
- 14. The compass direction that a slope faces (e.g., North-facing vs. South-facing). This is crucial for studies involving sunlight or snowmelt.
- 17. The inherent distortion or selective inclusion of data by a cartographer, which can intentionally or unintentionally change a viewer’s perspective of a region.
- 18. The art, science, and technology of making maps. It involves the study of how to effectively communicate complex spatial information through a visual medium.
- 19. Lines on a map joining points of equal elevation.
- 22. The standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage.Example: A modern smartphone that increases accuracy by "talking" to multiple satellite networks simultaneously, such as the U.S. GPS, Europe’s Galileo, and Russia’s GLONASS.
- 24. Physical locations on the Earth's surface with high-accuracy known coordinates (longitude, latitude, and elevation). They are used as "anchors" to align aerial or satellite imagery to the real world.
- 25. A coordinate-based data model that represents geographic features as points, lines, and polygons.
- 26. A U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. It is one specific type of constellation within the broader GNSS.
Down
- 1. The process of manipulating and modeling geographic data to uncover patterns and solve complex problems.
- 2. The measurement of the rate of change of elevation (the "steepness") for each cell of a raster.
- 3. The Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding the planet's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field.
- 4. An individual's internalized representation of a landscape, shaped by their personal experiences and frequent routes.
- 5. A visualization technique that shows the magnitude of a phenomenon as color in two dimensions.
- 7. A systematic transformation of the 3D coordinates of the Earth onto a 2D plane (a flat map).
- 8. A database or spreadsheet linked to geographic features, containing "what" information about the "where."
- 9. A model of global mean sea level that is used to measure precise surface elevations. While a Spheroid is a smooth mathematical shape, the Geoid accounts for local gravity variations.
- 12. A three-dimensional shape obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its axes; used in GIS to approximate the Earth's non-perfect spherical shape.
- 15. A remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. This is the primary way modern DTMs and DSMs are created.
- 16. A reference system or mathematical model of the Earth's surface used to coordinate locations.
- 20. A zone of a specified distance around a map feature, used for proximity analysis.
- 21. A grayscale 3D representation of the surface, with the sun's relative position taken into account for shading the terrain. It makes flat maps look 3D and "bumpy."
- 23. The set of rules and visual variables (color, size, shape, texture) used to represent geographic features on a map.