Gluconeogenesis Things

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Across
  1. 2. A high glucagon:insulin ratio favors _____ activity of PFK2/FBP2, leading to dephosphorylation of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
  2. 5. AcetylcoA _____ is activated hormonally by insulin and hormonally inhibited by glucagon and epinephrine
  3. 7. The only major glucose transporter that is sensitive to insulin
  4. 9. These acids promote both insulin and glucagon release
  5. 11. Binding of glucagon to its receptor cells in the liver activates ____ cyclase which catalyzes the reaction of ATP to form cAMP
  6. 13. ____ raises the activity of fructose bisphosphatase 2, thus lowering the levels of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
  7. 15. A high insulin:glucagon ratio favors _____ activity of PFK2/FBP2, resulting in formation of more fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
  8. 17. The first step in gluconeogenesis is the carboxylation of pyruvate to form this compound
  9. 21. Has no glucagon receptors
  10. 22. Insulin inhibits the breakdown of triacylglycerol fats and formation of ____ bodies
  11. 23. Through gluconeogenesis, this acid can be taken up by the liver and converted to glucose (aka Cori cycle)
Down
  1. 1. ____ levels of Fructose 2,6, bisphosphate activate phosphofructokinase-1 to promote glycolysis
  2. 2. The second step gluconeogenesis takes to bypass glycolysis is the conversion of oxaloacetate to ____, which is catalyzed by PEP-CK (PEP-carboxykinase)
  3. 3. Higher levels of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate activate PFK1, leading to a(n) ______ rate of glycolysis
  4. 4. Though gluconeogenesis is primarily carried out in the liver, it can also occur in the
  5. 6. This vitamin is an essential cofactor for pyruvate carboxylase
  6. 8. The ____ plays a central role in maintaining blood glucose levels
  7. 10. For the second step of gluconeogenesis to occur in the cytoplasm, oxaloacetate gets reduced to _____ and shuttled across the membrane where it is deoxidized to oxaloacetate
  8. 11. Glucagon is produced by pancreatic ____ cells
  9. 12. Functionally, gluconeogenesis is a reversal of ____, forming glucose from precursors such as pyruvate, lactic acid, glycerol and α-ketoacids derived from amino acids
  10. 14. An inhibitor of insulin release; promotes release of glucose from the liver through glycogen or gluconeogenesis
  11. 16. High levels of ____ activate Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase-1 (FBP1)to stimulate gluconeogenesis
  12. 17. Factors that turn glycolysis on will turn gluconeogenesis ____
  13. 18. Pyruvate Carboxylase is involved in this pathway
  14. 19. Gluconeogenesis is not as rapid as glycogen breakdown, but is vitally important under longer _____ conditions
  15. 20. ATP and ____ are both key indicators of the energy level in a cell; they act allosterically on FBP1 and PFK1 with opposite effects to ensure that reactions occur unidirectionally