Across
- 5. is the relationship that individuals and groups hold with respect to land and land-based resources, such as trees, minerals, pastures, and water. It’s rules define the ways in which property rights to land are allocated, transferred, used, or managed in a particular society.
- 6. the ability to read and write
- 9. ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic
- 10. is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections.
- 11. government official and prestigious scholar in Chinese society, forming a distinct social class. They were politicians and government officials appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day political duties from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty.
- 14. a system or stage of economic life in which money replaces barter in the exchange of goods.
- 15. was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty for his role in encouraging Li Yuan, his father, to rebel against the Sui dynasty at Jinyang in 617. He subsequently played a pivotal role in defeating several of the dynasty's most dangerous opponents and solidifying its rule over China.
- 18. any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape; a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials; nonelective government officials
- 19. the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban; the condition of being urbanized
- 20. (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness; any place of complete bliss and delight and peace
Down
- 1. During her reign, Tang rule was consolidated, and the empire was unified.
- 2. faint and difficult to analyze; able to make fine distinctions; working or spreading in a hidden and usually injurious way; be difficult to detect or grasp by the mind
- 3. was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, reigning from 840 to 846. Mainly known in modern times for the religious persecution that occurred during his reign. However, he was also known for his successful reactions against incursions by remnants of the Uyghur Khanate and the rebellion by Liu Zhen, as well as his deep trust and support for chancellor Li Deyu.
- 4. give a definition for the meaning of a word; determine the nature of; show the form or outline of; determine the essential quality of
- 7. consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts; composed of many distinct individuals united to form a whole or colony
- 8. Chinese poet who rivaled Du Fu for the title of China’s greatest poet.
- 12. keep in one's mind; secure and keep for possible future use or application; allow to remain in a place or position; hold within
- 13. remove the ovaries of; make an alteration to; make or become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence; cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby
- 16. Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty. He was a Confucian scholar and influential Neo-Confucian in China. His contributions to Chinese philosophy including his editing of and commentaries to the Four Books, which later formed the curriculum of the civil service exam in Imperial China from 1313 to 1905; and his emphasis on the process of the "investigation of things", as well as his meditation as a method for self cultivation, fundamentally shaped the Chinese as well as the worldview for posterity.
- 17. make small or insignificant; cause to seem less serious; play down; represent as less significant or important