Across
- 3. god of wine-making and theatre / youngest of the Olympian gods / in Greek art, he is depicted as an Easterner - his cult was imported from Asia Minor and he brings Eastern things and ideas to Greece (e.g. cymbals, wine and the vine)
- 5. (524-460 BCE) an Athenian politician and general / responsible for building the first large Athenian navy, which was made up of mostly triremes / this navy was built in response to the threat of a Persian invasion / "Father of Naval Warfare" - used trickery and deception to lure the Persians into the narrow straits at Salamis
- 9. (570-508 BCE / “father of Athenian democracy”) / ousted the tyrant Hippias (w/ Sparta’s help) and passed a series of reforms designed to increase the power of the Athenian citizens’ assembly (the ekklesia) over the aristocracy
- 13. (630-560 BCE / described by Aristotle as the “the first people’s champion”) made all citizens (free men) equal before the law and reduced the influence of the landed aristocracy / establishment of his jury courts laid the foundations for Athenian democracy
- 14. (480 BCE) naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Achaemenid Empire under King Xerxes / Themistocles pointed out that the entire strategy for a Greek victory was predicated on fighting the battle in the Salamis Straits - a particularly narrow body of water - where the massed Persian ships at difficulty maneuvering
- 15. kills many chthonic beasts (e.g. the Hydra, the Nemean Lion) / became identified with the Phoenician God Melqart / associated with Thebes
- 18. (490 BCE) the first battle where the Greeks defeated the Persians / demonstrated the effectiveness of the Greek hoplite army / 26.2 mile race named after Pheidippides - the day-long runner who ran from Athens to Sparta (150 miles) in two days
- 19. kills Medusa, a monster with snakes for hair who could turn anyone to stone who looked into her eyes / son of Zeus and Danaë, the daughter of the king of Argos - as an infant, he was cast into the sea in a chest with his mother by his grandfather, who had been told that he would kill him
- 21. (499 to 493 BCE) marked the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars / Greek city-states along the western coast of Anatolia - supported by troops from Athens, captured and burnt Sardis - the western capital of the Persian Empire / these city-states were reconquered by the Persians
- 23. a catch-all category of minor female divinities / usually associated with ecological niches: trees, springs, rivers, seas / often attend a more important deity (e.g. Artemis)
- 24. depicted as three old women spinning thread - they include Clotho ("I spin"), Lachesis ("allotment"), and Atropos ("inflexible) / a metaphor for birth, destiny, and death
- 25. "triple-rower" or three-banked warship / highly specialist - lightweight, rapid, and agile / about 120 feet long and 15 feet wide / main weapon was a heavy bronze battering ram designed to piece an enemy ship's hull
Down
- 1. Dikasteria or popular courts / the ____________ branch of government that Aristotle argued "contributed the most to the strength of democracy" because the jury had almost unlimited power
- 2. torch-bearing female earth-demons / depicted with blood dripping from their eyes and snakes instead of hair / their principal function is to avenge murder, especially the murder of a parent by a child / originally part of a cult based on ghost worship
- 4. personifications of poetic and scientific inspiration / their name means "the reminders"
- 5. fictional and probably originated as a local divinity / regarded as the first people’s ruler of Athens - he laid aside his royal power, reserving to himself only the supreme command in war and guardianship of the law
- 6. returns to Ithaca after twenty years abroad (ten years of war at Troy and ten years of wandering) / known for his cunning, intelligence, and versatility
- 7. Boule or Council of Five Hundred / the ____________ branch of government that met every day and did most of the hands-on work of governance
- 8. offensive and defensive alliance founded in 478 BCE under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory at Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece / transformed into an empire in the Aegean and in Anatolia through Athenian imperialism
- 10. (appointed in 622 or 621 BCE) replaced the system of oral law and blood feud with the Draconian constitution, a famously harsh written code to be enforced by a court of law
- 11. city-state in Ancient Greece that probably originated from the natural divisions of the country by mountains and the sea / city-states of Ancient Greece were very divided
- 12. (480 BCE) where the 300 Spartans and their allies fought to the death in an effort to prevent the Persians from entering central Greece / King Leonidas of Sparta told his men, "Have a quick breakfast, for you will be eating dinner in the underworld tonight, in Hades."
- 16. goddess of Athens, wisdom, arts and crafts / protectress of civilization and a war deity more popular with the ancient Greeks than Ares / principal attributes are the owl, the helmet, and the spear
- 17. raised by the centaur Cheiron after his uncle kills his father / leads the Argonauts and recovers the Golden Fleece - a symbol of authority and kingship
- 20. Ekklesia or citizens' assembly / the ____________ or law-making branch of government
- 22. fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereby bringing disaster to his city - Thebes - and family