Heart Failure

4. the levels of this serum are used to estimate the severity of HF
6. ischemic heart disease and ____ are the most important predisposing risk factors
7. this medication reduced preload in HF
8. cardiac output depends on the heart rate and:
10. what is the most common cause of decreased contractility?
11. most HF results from dysfunction of this ventricle
13. 55%-70% is the normal...

1. HF occurs when the heart is unable to generate an adequate:
2. the clinical manifestations of left HF are the result of _____ vascular congestion & inadequate systemic circulation perfusion
3. when contractility decreases,stroke volume falls, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume:
5. HF is a clinical syndrome with symptoms and/or signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality & corroborated by elevated:
9. angiotensin II and this have direct toxicity to the myocardium
12. HF with a reduced EF or systolic HF is defined as HF with an EF of less than or greater than: