Hepatitis C Virus

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Across
  1. 3. ________ is a major issue in some drugs used in highly active antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV in patients with coinfection.
  2. 4. The countries with the lowest reported prevalence rates are North America, Europe and _____.
  3. 6. The primary _______ screening assay for HCV infection is the enzyme immunoassay.
  4. 8. CD81 is thought to function as a cellular receptor or ______ for the virus.
  5. 9. Treatment with peginterferon alpha results in a _______ rate of response than with only interferon alpha.
  6. 12. A primary factor of HCV infection before 1990 was blood ________.
  7. 15. The countries with the highest reported prevalence rates are Africa and _____.
  8. 16. HCV is _______ worldwide.
  9. 20. Liver ______ is the only treatment option for patients with HCV-related cirrhosis or in the early stages of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  10. 23. High levels of _______ consumption have been associated with accelerated progression of chronic hepatitis C.
  11. 24. The structural regions include the core protein and two _____ proteins.
  12. 27. HCV and ___ coinfection has been associated with more severe liver disease.
  13. 28. Most chronic HCV infections will lead to some degree of __________.
  14. 33. Monotherapy treatments with only interferon alpha has been reported to have very high rates of ________.
  15. 35. HCV encodes a single ______ of about 3000 amino acids.
  16. 36. A large reduction in transfusion-transmitted HCV has been associated with the adoption of an all-volunteer _____ system.
  17. 38. The interval between infection and the development of _____ can exceed 30 years.
  18. 42. Persons who cannot be treated with ribavirin can be treated with _______ alpha.
  19. 43. Measurement of the _____ amino-transferase level is a readily available means for monitoring HCV infection and the efficacy of therapy.
  20. 45. _________ HCV RNA tests are used to confirm viremia.
  21. 46. To confirm positive enzyme immunoassays, the recombinant ______ assay has been used.
  22. 47. There is no ______ available for the prevention of HCV.
  23. 48. The polyprotein is processed into mature structural and ______ proteins.
  24. 50. Needle-stick injuries in the health care settings are a form of __________ transmission of HCV.
  25. 51. HCV belongs to the family of _______.
Down
  1. 1. HCV behaves like an ____________ infection in people with HIV infection.
  2. 2. There are 6 distinct HCV genotypes and multiple ________.
  3. 3. ________ evaluation of a liver-biopsy is the gold standard for evaluating HCV-related liver disease activity.
  4. 5. Most HCV infections are initially __________.
  5. 7. Most people who become infected with HCV have persistent ________.
  6. 10. The targets of HCV are ________.
  7. 11. HCV is an _____ virus.
  8. 13. The _________ regions at both ends of the viral RNA are highly conserved and involved in critical stages of viral replication.
  9. 14. Symptoms associated with acute hepatitis include jaundice, malaise and _______.
  10. 17. HCV encodes virus-specific helicase, protease, and ________.
  11. 18. Viral clearance has been associated with the development of virus-specific responses by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and ____ T cells.
  12. 19. ALPHA Initial treatment of HCV infection is usually with _________.
  13. 21. Attachment of polyethylene glycol to IFN-alpha extends the half-life and duration of _________ activity.
  14. 22. Severe acute or fulminant hepatitis can results from superinfection with ____.
  15. 25. Hepatitis C is a major cause of _____ disease worldwide.
  16. 26. A dominant risk factor of HCV infection is ________ drug use.
  17. 29. HCV is ________ diagnosed during the acute phase of infection.
  18. 30. It is recommended that treatment duration should be based on HCV _______.
  19. 31. HCV is the main cause of essential mixed __________.
  20. 32. The mode of transmission for HCV is ______.
  21. 34. HCV replication occurs through an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that lacks a _________ function.
  22. 37. Global HCV epidemiology relies upon HCV __________ studies.
  23. 39. Combination therapy includes IFN-alpa and ________.
  24. 40. HCV is the most common chronic _______ infection in the USA.
  25. 41. The envelope E2 protein has two hypervariable regions that have an extremely high rate of _________.
  26. 44. Some patients with acute HCV infection have high rates of _______ clearance.
  27. 49. Patients with HCV and ____ coinfection are at increased risk for disease progression.