High Middle Ages

4. A formal proclamation or decree issued by the Pope.
5. A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
6. A Germanic tribe that invaded Britain in the 400s AD.
8. A group of territories in Central Europe ruled by an emperor, considered the successor to the Roman Empire.
12. A system where nobles governed and protected people in exchange for services.
14. A warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback.
15. Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service.
16. Vikings who settled in France and later conquered England.
18. The first census taken in England under William the Conqueror to record land and property.
19. The head of the Roman Catholic Church, regarded as God's representative on Earth.

1. A person who received land from a lord in return for loyalty and military service.
2. A large estate owned by a knight or lord, worked by peasants and serfs.
3. The Muslim leader who fought against the Crusaders and reached a compromise with King Richard I during the Third Crusade.
5. The code of conduct that knights followed, focusing on bravery, loyalty, and honor.
7. The act of officially excluding someone from participation in the Church.
9. King of Wessex who united the Anglo-Saxons and defended against Viking invasions.
10. A 1066 battle where William the Conqueror defeated Harold to claim the English throne.
11. A worker tied to the land who provided labor for a lord's estate.
13. Scandinavian warriors who raided and settled parts of Europe in the Middle Ages.
17. A holy city in the Middle East, central to Christian, Jewish, and Muslim faiths, often fought over during the Crusades.