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2. A measure comparing the number of people who are too young or too old to work (dependents) to the number of people in the working-age group.
3. The number of children who die before reaching age five, usually measured per 1,000 live births.
5. The maximum number of people or animals that an environment can support without being damaged.
6. The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime in a given population.
12. Land that is suitable for growing crops.
13. Modern thinkers who believe that population growth will still lead to problems like resource shortages and environmental damage, similar to what Malthus predicted.
15. The economic growth that can happen when a country has more working-age people than dependents (like children and the elderly).
16. The spread of something (like ideas, people, or technology) from one place to another.
17. The total number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people in a population.
18. The idea that as population increases, humans find new ways to increase food production (like better farming methods), so food supply can keep up with demand.
20. The total number of people living in a particular area, country, or the world.

1. A theory that shows how birth and death rates change as a country develops, usually in four or five stages—from high birth and death rates to low ones.
4. A city with a population of more than 10 million people.
7. A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption, usually living together.
8. The study of how diseases spread, who gets them, and how they can be controlled in populations.
9. A situation where population growth outpaces food production, causing poverty and starvation because resources can’t keep up with the number of people.
10. The usual weather conditions in a place over a long period, like temperature, rainfall, and wind.
11. A situation where two or more people, groups, or countries rely on each other for resources, goods, or services.
14. All the people born and living at about the same time, or the average period (about 20–30 years) between the birth of parents and their children.
19. When the number of people in an area exceeds the resources available to support them comfortably.