History

2. – An Italian scientist who supported Copernicus’ heliocentric model, improved the telescope, and advanced modern physics and astronomy.
7. – An intellectual movement in the 17th–18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights over tradition and superstition.
9. – A cultural “rebirth” in Europe (14th–17th centuries) marked by renewed interest in classical art, literature, and human-centered learning.
10. – The period of ancient history, especially Greek and Roman civilization, which heavily influenced later European thought and culture.

1. – A 16th-century religious movement led by figures like Martin Luther, challenging the Catholic Church and leading to Protestant denominations.
3. – A Renaissance astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory (the Sun at the center of the universe), challenging long-held beliefs.
4. – A Renaissance philosophy that focused on human potential, achievements, and the study of classical texts, rather than purely religious subjects.
5. – The state of being free from oppressive restrictions; a core value of Enlightenment thought and later revolutions.
6. – The study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, and reason; central to both ancient thought and Enlightenment ideas.
8. – The principle that all people deserve the same rights and opportunities, strongly emphasized during the Enlightenment and revolutionary eras.