Across
- 7. the tendency for a response learned to one stimulus to occur after presentation of a second stimulus similar to the first
- 11. proposed by Rotter; a form of behaviorism that focused on internal subjective experiences like locus of control and self-efficacy
- 12. developed the laboratory procedure known as the strange situation to test an infants attachment style. Posited that children who developed a dependence on their parents became increasingly more independent or self-reliant as they matured. In their relationships with their parents, they learned to trust in others an dtheir own ability to cope.
- 13. constructed a developmental model of moral development
- 15. a state of inhibition when situational demands exceed the maximum capacity for physical and psychological stress
- 16. conceptualized behavior as habit formation, mental illness as habit disturbance, and emotions as habit format and conditioned responses. Conducted the experiment on Little Albert B.
- 17. an optical illusion demonstrating that a whole was different than the sum of its parts
- 18. since the individual does not have a way of predicting when the next reinforcement will come, but being accustomed to occasional rewards, the individual will hang on in the hope of getting one on the next try
- 19. posits that learning is fundamentally about forming new associations or connections
- 20. defined reinforcement in terms of the diminution of a need and postulated that learning occurs when behavior is compelled by an unpleasant state that is reduced after a behavioral response to the stimulus is performed
- 21. posited that language facilitated the development of higher mental functions
Down
- 1. pioneered what later became known as systematic desensitization
- 2. a process of discrimination or the ability to distinguish between two stimuli
- 3. discovered by Pavlov
- 4. a systemic theory that applied gestalt theory to understanding complex social issues. Proposed by Lewin who posited that the active and thinking individual was part of dynamic field of interdependent forces.
- 5. the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditional stimulus
- 6. proposed by Bandura; suggested that learning is not based exclusively on simple mechanical S-R connections or reinforcement-response connections. It can be learned through vicarious learning or modeling after others
- 8. proposed that caregiver-infant bonds that developed in the first year of life had significant consequences for later social, emotional, and personal development. These early experiences resulted in an internal working model for understanding how relationships in general work.
- 9. proposed a stage theory of cognitive developmental
- 10. developed puzzle boxes to test animal intelligence. Posited that readiness, utility in problem solving, and practice increased learning.
- 14. discovered operant conditioning and proposed the empty organism approach