Host Defenses I

1. The ingestion and breakdown of foreign substances including bacteria by immune cells.
3. A generalized defense system active immediately upon infection that is found in all animals, both invertebrates and vertebrates.
7. Signaling protein molecules released by activated macrophages and neutrophils that modulate the immune response and promote blood flow to sites of injury or infection.
8. A response brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection that results in pain, swelling, and enhanced blood flow to deliver antimicrobial peptides and cellular defenses.
10. Proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages.
11. Lymphocytes that circulate through the body detecting abnormal cells lacking MHC I surface expression and release chemicals leading to death.
12. A system of about 30 proteins activates by substances on microbe surfaces that can lead to lysis of invading cells.
14. Granulocytes that circulate in blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissues, serving as first responders to infection.
15. Immune cells in invertebrates that circulate within hemolymph and carry out phagocytosis.

2. A life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response with an almost 40% average mortality rate.
4. Agranulocytes found throughout the body that originate from monocytes and perform phagocytosis.
5. An enzyme found in digestive systems, saliva, and tears that breaks down bacterial cell walls, protecting against pathogens.
6. A very organism-specific, memory-based defense system found only in vertebrates with a slower response than innate immunity.
9. A glycoprotein surface marker found on normal cells that is involved in immune recognition and organ transplantation matching; its absence signals abnormal cells to natural killer cells.
13. Granulocytes that discharge destructive enzymes and are involved in allergic and anti-helminth responses.