Hot Water

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Across
  1. 5. earthing and bonding Safety measures to prevent electric shocks by connecting metal parts to the ground (earthing) and linking metal components together (bonding).
  2. 8. gradient The slope or pressure difference that causes water to flow in a system, like how water moves downhill in a pipe.
  3. 10. density How heavy something is compared to water. For example, a material with a relative density less than 1 will float, while one greater than 1 will sink.
  4. 12. and behaviour of water at temperature Water behaves differently at various temperatures. For example, it freezes at 0°C, boils at 100°C, and expands when heated.
  5. 17. The transfer of heat through a material, like how a hot pan handle becomes warm when on a stove.
  6. 18. The movement of heat in liquids or gases, such as warm water rising in a tank while cooler water sinks.
  7. 19. on boiling point The boiling point of water changes with pressure. At higher pressures, water boils at higher temperatures, and at lower pressures (like on a mountain), it boils at lower temperatures.
  8. 20. A way to move liquid from a higher to a lower level using a tube, where gravity and pressure differences keep the liquid flowing.
Down
  1. 1. Heat transfer through invisible waves, like feeling warmth from the sun or a heater without touching it.
  2. 2. and latent heat Heat is energy that makes things warm, while latent heat is energy absorbed or released during a change in state (e.g., water boiling or freezing) without changing temperature.
  3. 3. and hydraulics Hydrostatics deals with the behavior of still water, while hydraulics focuses on water in motion, like in pipes or pumps.
  4. 4. control The process of managing and reducing harmful bacteria in water systems to keep them safe, such as using disinfectants or maintaining proper temperatures.
  5. 6. and contraction Materials growing larger (expanding) when heated and smaller (contracting) when cooled, like metal pipes in changing temperatures.
  6. 7. of metals Characteristics of metals, such as being strong, able to conduct heat and electricity, and resistant to corrosion (sometimes).
  7. 9. The process of water turning to ice at 0°C, which can cause pipes to crack or burst if water expands when frozen.
  8. 11. The resistance to movement when two surfaces rub against each other, like water slowing down inside pipes due to rough surfaces.
  9. 13. A measure of how acidic or alkaline water is, on a scale of 0-14. Neutral water has a pH of 7, while lower numbers are acidic and higher numbers are alkaline.
  10. 14. hardness and softness Hard water contains minerals like calcium and magnesium, which can cause scale in pipes and appliances. Soft water has fewer minerals, making it better for cleaning and plumbing systems.
  11. 15. efficiency Using less energy to achieve the same results, such as insulating pipes to keep hot water warm longer.
  12. 16. The gradual wearing away of metal, often caused by water, oxygen, or chemicals, such as rust forming on pipes.