Across
- 2. Coined the term cultural capital. Middle class families are more likely to have cultural capital
- 3. Interviewed 60 Chicago high school teachers and found that they judged pupils depending on how close they were to their idea of an ‘ideal pupil’.
- 4. In 2014 found that parents from Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian backgrounds were more likely than White British parents to have higher educational aspirations for their children and were more likely to be involved with their children’s work and with the school.
- 9. Found that compared to working class mums, middle class mums had a better understanding of how the school system worked and how to help their children succeed.
- 13. Looked at a group of boys he called ‘bad’ boys in primary school. They had a strong sense of what it meant to be masculine and achieved their status within their group not from academic success but from being‘tough’, being the best footballers and being the most successful with girls. Teacher labelling of themhad also played a part.
- 14. Correspondence principle-Education mirrors what happens in the workplace.
- 18. Claims the working and middle classes have distinct speech codes. Working class pupils spoke with the restricted code. Middle class pupils had the elaborated code.
- 19. Looked at the process of how teachers arrived at their labels and what they were based on. He found that teachers made fairly quick, speculative judgments of their pupils an their abilities, based on characteristics such as appearance.
- 21. Learning to Labour (1977) Studied a school in 1977. He followed 12 boys in Year 10 who called themselves the 'lads'.
- 22. Found appearing ‘cool’ was necessary for boys to be popular in school. It was ‘uncool’ and feminine to complete academic work. They adopted ‘laddish behaviour’.
- 23. Conducted a study of banding in Beachside Comprehensive school in the late 1970s. Students at the school were placed into one of three ability bands when they first came to the school based on information provided by their primary schools.
- 25. A new type of school which is funded by central government but has been set up by and is run by groups of parents/teachers/ religious organisations or others.
- 26. Found that in Just like a Girl in 1976 that girls’ priorities were ‘love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers, more or less in that order’. When she repeated her research in 1994, she found these priorities had changed to ‘job, career and being able to support themselves’.
- 27. Argues that much of the curriculum is not relevant to the lower-working class children and consequently they disengage with school. This can involve students not going to school or forming anti school subcultures.
- 28. A school which is funded by central government but is not controlled by the local council. They have more say in how they plan their curriculum andmanage their staff.
- 29. Schools promote the values and culture of the middle class. argued that upper and middle class children are likely to succeed in school compared to the working class as they have more cultural capital.
Down
- 1. A school run along religious principles. Pupils who follow that religion may be given priority in admissions if there is competition for places.
- 2. Working class parents do have high aspirations for their children but do not have the social capital to understand the ‘rules of the game’.
- 4. A school which is funded by the government. Pupils and parents do not have to pay fees to attend. There are different types of this school.
- 5. believed that schools work to promote norms, values and a sense of belonging and social cohesion e.g. through learning formal curriculum e.g. History teaches nationality
- 6. Argues that the system is unclear and difficult to navigate. League tables, for example, are difficult to understand for the uninitiated.
- 7. Studied a boys secondary school in the 1960s. He found that the boys were cheeky to teachers, didn't do homework and were disruptive in class. These boys played up due to being labelled as 'less able' because they were in the bottom sets.
- 8. Argues the working class parents show less interest in their children’s education and give them less support.
- 10. A school which has no special admissions criteria and where any pupil can attend.
- 11. He found that African Caribbean boys brought up in lone-parent families lacked a positive role model at home and were more likely to turn to street culture.
- 12. A school that is not funded by the government and where parents have to pay fees. They do not have to follow the national curriculum.
- 15. Education takes over the process of socialisation from the family to teach norms and values that may not be learnt at home. At home, your status is ascribed. In wider society, your status is achieved.
- 16. Agree with Parsons, but also see education as a device for role allocation. Education ‘sifts and sorts’ us according to our ability.
- 17. Found that students in the lower streams were allowed to talk more, given simpler form of knowledge, less homework and were not stretched. The students in the lower sets did not do well in the end of year exams.
- 20. Said there are double standards of morality.
- 24. A school where pupils have to meet some sort of academic criteria to get in. This is usually assessed by pupils sitting an entrance exam.