Across
- 4. where the Muslim army defeated the Byzantine Empire, opening the Middle East to Muslim control
- 6. tax paid by non-muslims
- 7. provinces within the conquered Muslim territory
- 11. the Islamic community
- 12. Rightly Guided Caliphs; first four successors of Muhammad
- 13. governors of provinces
Down
- 1. Religion of Egypt
- 2. belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine
- 3. historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection
- 5. a subject or subordinate
- 8. Muslim town founded near present day Cairo; opens Africa to further conquest
- 9. an important trade and cultural center in Syria; 1st major Byzantine city to fall to Muslim forces
- 10. the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad