Genetics

4. The creation of new molecules, such as proteins, through a series of chemical reactions.
7. The cell formed by the fusion of a sperm and an egg during fertilization, representing the first stage of a new organism's development.
9. The repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from degradation.
12. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, contributing to genetic diversity.
14. An enzyme that maintains the length of telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration.
16. The study of the structure, function, and interactions of proteins within an organism.
18. A diagram that shows the genetic relationships among individuals in a family over multiple generations.
19. The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, influenced by its genotype and environment.
20. Complex molecules composed of amino acids that perform various biological functions in cells.

1. The process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules, essential for cell division.
2. The occurrence of different forms of a gene (alleles) within a population.
3. A gene located on the X chromosome, with potential inheritance patterns differing between males and females.
5. A gene located on the Y chromosome, primarily inherited from father to son.
6. The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the information carried by mRNA.
8. The transfer of a segment of DNA from one chromosome to another.
10. Ribonucleic acid, a molecule involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis.
11. The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, forming messenger RNA (mRNA).
13. A region of DNA that initiates the transcription of a gene and regulates its expression.
15. A gene that has the potential to cause cancer when mutated or overexpressed.
17. A trait or allele that is expressed only when two copies are present in the genotype.