Across
- 2. the separation of small molecules or toxins from larger ones in a solution through a semipermeable membrane based on differential diffusion rates.
- 4. A thin, two-layered serous membrane—comprising the inner visceral pleura (covering the lungs) and outer parietal pleura (lining the chest wall)—that protects the lungs, reduces friction during breathing via pleural fluid, and facilitates chest cavity expansion
- 9. nervous system (CNS) The central nervous system (CNS) is the body's primary control center, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, which manage all bodily functions, thoughts, and movements.
- 12. neuron A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a specialized nerve cell in the central nervous system (brainstem or spinal cord) that transmits command signals to muscles or glands, initiating voluntary and involuntary movements
- 13. muscles Three layers of muscles (external, internal, and innermost) located between the ribs that stabilize the thoracic cage and are crucial for respiration
- 16. Two lower, thick-walled chambers (right/left) that pump blood out of the heart to the lungs or the body.
- 18. The microscopic, functional unit of the kidney, with roughly one million in each human kidney responsible for filtering blood, regulating water and soluble substances, reabsorbing necessary nutrients, and excreting waste as urine.
- 19. ventilation Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli (the site of gas exchange) per minute, specifically excluding air that remains in the conducting airways (dead space)
- 20. Two upper chambers (right/left) that receive blood returning to the heart from the body or lungs
Down
- 1. a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles; contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the enclosed bone
- 3. A leaf-shaped, flexible flap of cartilage located in the throat .Acts as a valve that flips down during swallowing to cover the trachea (windpipe), preventing food and liquid from entering the lungs.
- 5. The body's largest artery; it receives oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the rest of the body.
- 6. cells that are non-neuronal support cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that protect, insulate, and nourish neurons
- 7. The most abundant neurons in the body, located exclusively within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), where they act as essential intermediaries between sensory and motor neurons
- 8. nervous system (PNS) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, acting as a communication relay between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the rest of the body
- 10. spinae a crucial group of three muscles—iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis—running vertically along the spine, acting as the primary extensors and lateral flexors of the vertebral column
- 11. The first and shortest part of the small intestine. It is the primary site for the breakdown of nutrients
- 14. small, finger-shaped tube or pouch attached to the cecum, which is the beginning of the large intestine. The appendix serves as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria to help repopulate the gut after illness. It also contains immune tissue (lymphoid tissue).
- 15. are long, cylindrical organelles within muscle cells, composed of repeating contractile units called sarcomeres (actin/myosin filaments) that enable skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
- 17. a colorless, water-soluble organic compound produced in the liver as a non-toxic byproduct of protein and nitrogen metabolism. It acts as a primary vehicle for excreting excess nitrogen through urine and plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic balance.