Across
- 2. We do not just need specific institutional rules, because both _ or Democracy can produce embedded autonomy.
- 3. A type of predatory state whereby patronage recruitment enlarges bureaucracy, resources are extracted from the rural pour, and subsidies/import substitution allowed inefficient industries to survive.
- 8. In the developmental state, _ subsidies are given to growing sectors (land, credit, foreign exchange). E.g. Taiwan's Textile Entrustment Scheme - early subsidies and protection were removed once the industry became internationally competitive.
- 10. What went wrong with the Neoliberal State? A _ state cannot shrink itself.
- 16. A centralised state is essential for development, enforcing institutional rules, delivering public services, and maintaining _.
- 18. "War made the state and the state made _"?
- 19. To achieve autonomy from political pressures in a Developmental State, we need _ in recruitment and promotion.
- 22. An extortion racket: "Give us money and we will protect you"(or, what system states implemented in order to fund wars).
- 24. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 6)_.
- 29. A type of state where markets are coordinated and guided by an active, interventionist, disciplined, state (maximalist interpretation of inclusive economic institutions).
- 31. The '_' of the 1980s, following the failure of the Washington Consensus.
- 33. What went wrong with the Neoliberal State? Small states lacked _.
- 35. A dominant, _ elite (KMT in Taiwan, 1961 coup in South Korea, LDP in Japan) leads to state embeddedness.
- 36. A stateless society in East Africa
- 37. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 8)_ of state enterprises.
- 41. For the developmental state, we don't just need specific institutional rules; we also need a specific political relationship between politiacans and the _.
- 42. A stateless society in North America
- 43. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 4)_ liberalisation.
- 44. External _ that align elite interests with development (e.g. Taiwan, South Korea) incentivise investment.
- 46. This country had neither autonomy, nor embeddedness.
- 47. For embedded autonomy, we need a political _ between bureaucrats, politicians, and the private sector. This is lacking in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa.
- 48. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 10) Subsidies for only _ goods.
- 53. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 7) Tax _.
- 56. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 9)_ property rights.
- 57. The _ of large landowners (e.g. by the Second World War) leads to state Autonomy.
- 58. Because of structural adjustment policies in Ivory Coast, education spending _ [rose/fell] by 35%.
- 59. While state 'embeddedness' can be good, too much 'embeddedness' of the state generates corruption, clientelism, and _. E.g. Brazil (1990s), when politicians convinced bureaucrats to overcharge for ambulances, public funds diverted for vote-buying, and public jobs were promised to supporters.
- 60. Policies in a developmental state combine an '_' state...*
- 61. A history of Weberian _ and indigenous state-building (since 788 in South Korea) leads to state Autonomy.
- 62. Oil shocks and debt crises provided the opportunity to impose the Washington Consensus through _.
- 63. Inducing investments also requires understanding and minimising private risks; The state also needs to be '_' in society as a source of information and a means of coordinating investments.
- 64. What went wrong with the Neoliberal State? The IMF and WB pursued Neoliberalism _ (as an end, rather than as a means to development), and social consequences were overlooked.
Down
- 1. A state has this, when it reaches a balance between being an embedded state and an autonomous state.
- 4. The _ Water War, Bolivia, 1999-2000, caused by the privatisation of the water supply.
- 5. A country whose GDP suffered from the Washington Consensus.
- 6. In a predatory state, the state lacks '_' from political pressures.
- 7. East Asia suggests that a developmental state is possible without _?
- 9. To achieve autonomy from political pressures in a Developmental State, we need a 'rational', '_' bureaucracy.
- 11. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 3) Market _ rates.
- 12. In this country during the 1950s, business investment risks were too high, even with free markets and secure property rights, and (financial) capital to invest is scarce. However, due to its developmental state model (not neoliberal), where markets were coordinated and guided by an active, interventionist, and disciplined state, they were able to attract investment anyway (NOTE: This is not socialism, bc markets are still driving growth).
- 13. Japan, South Korea and _ showcase the success of the state having both autonomy and embeddedness.
- 14. The idea that free markets and a small non-interventionist state promote development
- 15. This actually might contribute to development in the long-term, if it allows one faction to dominate and build a centralised state. This is the history of Europe.
- 17. In the developmental state, import-substitution industrialisation (ISI) is _.
- 20. The monopoly on the legitimate use of force
- 21. The state can be problematic for development, if it is captured by private and _ interests.
- 23. To achieve autonomy from political pressures in a Developmental State, we need _, rule-based procedures.
- 25. In Japan, this is the network of alumni from the same university, which helped induce investments, as it served as a link to the privatee sector.
- 26. Neoliberals have a _ interpretation of inclusive economic institutions
- 27. The state reduces internal _ by disarming citizens, licensing arms, and punishing violence and 'private war'.
- 28. A country in which autonomy from political pressures was insufficient to prevent vulnerability because (it lacked embededdness): bureaucrats did not know of the challenges of growing an industry ; Businesses had no way of coordinating investments ; The 'License Raj' ; Opening a new business required authorisations from ~80 agencies.
- 29. *...with a '_' state.
- 30. Where historically, artificial, arbitrary borders lumped together multiple (sometimes hostile) groups, and conflicts were frozen without a dominant winner by colonial powers and the UN.
- 32. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 1) Fiscal _.
- 34. In Japan, this is the revolving door from civil service to the private sector, which helped induce investments.
- 38. This country had autonomy, but lacked embeddedness.
- 39. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 5) Liberalising _.
- 40. Developmental State dilemma: A large, active state is needed to promote investment, BUT large, active states are vulnerable to _ due to easy relapse into rent-seeking and the Predatory State.
- 45. The median percentage growth in developing countries in the 1980s, after adopting the Washington Consensus.
- 48. A type of predatory state whereby power is centralised around a single 'big man', characterised by personal relations and violence.
- 49. This country had embeddedness, but lacked autonomy.
- 50. In the developmental state, investments and technology transfers are _.
- 51. What went wrong with the Neoliberal State? Free markets were not enough to support _ (a 'big' enough state is also needed).
- 52. The developmental state as '_-enhancing governance'.
- 54. The state can be problematic for development, if its economic institutions are _, rather than inclusive.
- 55. The Washington Consensus/Structural Adjustment: 2) Market _ rates.
- 56. What went wrong with the Neoliberal State? Maintaining _ support for reform is necessary, not an afterthought!