Immune System

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  1. 5. One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.
  2. 8. These provide innate defenses against viral infection. One type activates macrophages, enhancing their phagocytic ability. They can be produced by recombinant DNA technology.
  3. 12. In insects, these circulating cells flow through the hemolymph, the insect equivalent of blood.
  4. 14. A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin. All have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
  5. 15. Any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies. They are divided into five major classes that differ in their distribution in the body and antigen disposal activities.
  6. 17. The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response.
  7. 19. The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.
  8. 21. A substance that elicits an immune response by binding to receptors of B cells, antibodies, or of T cells.
  9. 24. Used by an animal cell to identify a pathogen.
  10. 26. Short chains of amino acids that bind to and destroy bacteria and fungi by disrupting their plasma membranes.
  11. 28. The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
  12. 29. Some of these phagocytic cells migrate throughout the body, while others reside in certain tissues, primarily in lymph nodes and the spleen.
  13. 33. A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed.
  14. 36. A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens.
  15. 37. When antibodies are transferred from one individual to another
  16. 39. These cells are short-lived, attack the antigen and any pathogens that produce that antigen.
  17. 41. The exoskeleton composed largely of the polysaccharide ____ provides an effective barrier defense against most pathogens.
  18. 42. The most abundant phagocytic cells in the mammilian body. They are attracted by aignals from infected tissues. They engulf and destroy microbes.
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  1. 1. These phagocytic cells populate tissues that are in contact with the environment, acting to stimulate the development of acquired immunity.
  2. 2. In mammals, ___ defenses block the entry of many pathogens.
  3. 3. A process by which hemocytes ingest and break down bacteria and other foreign substances.
  4. 4. The adaptive immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. It is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response.
  5. 5. One of the chemical signals of the inflammatory response. It is stored in mast cells in connective tissues. It triggers both dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries.
  6. 6. A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells.
  7. 7. When in response to infection, clones of memory cells form
  8. 9. These cells do not attack microorganisms directly but destroy virus-infected body cells. They also attack abnormal body cells that could become cancerous.
  9. 10. A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent.
  10. 11. An enzyme that digests microbial cell walls.
  11. 13. Also known as TLR. Each functions to recognize molecules common to a set of pathogens.
  12. 16. Also known as adaptive immunity. It is found only in vertebrates. These responses are activated after innate immune defenses and develop slowly. The acquired defenses are enhanced by previous exposure.
  13. 18. A cell that upon ingesting pathogens or internalizing pathogen proteins generates peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to T cells.
  14. 20. This immunity is common to all animals. These responses are active immediately after infection and are the same regardless of whether the pathogen has been encountered previously.
  15. 22. A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant.
  16. 23. An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
  17. 25. The production of effector cells from a clone of lymphocytes during the first exposure to an antigen represents
  18. 27. The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity.
  19. 30. The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.
  20. 31. These systems help animals to avoid or limit many infections.
  21. 32. A host protein that functions in antigen presentation. Foreign molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant.
  22. 34. These cells are long-lived but fewer in number, bear receptors specific for the antigen.
  23. 35. Also known as vaccination. The process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means.
  24. 38. These phagocytic cells contribute to defense against large invaders, such as parasitic worms. They position themselves against the external wall of a parasite and discharge destructive enzymes.
  25. 40. Infectious agents that cause disease