Across
- 2. Membrane attack complex, end product of the Complement cascade that can kill pathogens directly by forming a pore in pathogen membrane leading to lysis
- 3. Nuclear factor of activated T cells, a key transcription factor that is required to bind to the IL-2 promoter to cause IL-2 transcription
- 5. Ig, protein family to which antibodies and B-cell receptors belong
- 9. cluster of _______, CD, designation for specific cell-surface molecules on immune cells that help to differentiate one immune cell from another
- 11. _____ factor κB, NFκB, transcription factor that helps activate the expression of many pro-inflammatory genes
- 13. Systemic lupus _______, SLE, autoimmune disease where autoantibodies (against DNA, RNA, and proteins associated with nucleic acids) form immune complexes
- 15. Family names of chemokine receptors, the receptors that chemokines bind to all cell attraction to specific areas in the body
- 16. Family names of chemokines, chemicals that are a sub-class of cytokines with cell-attractant properties
- 18. Immunoreceptor ______-based activation motifs, ITAMs, amino acid sequence in cytoplasmic domains of membrane receptors involved in signal transduction
- 19. _-_____ protein, CRP, acute phase protein that binds to phosphocholine, a constituent of certain bacteria, that can trigger Complement activation and acts as an opsonin
- 20. T cells that express the co-receptor protein CD8 which upon activation differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
- 23. Fragment with antigen binding, the part of an antibody (that can be isolated by protease digestion) responsible for antigen binding, consisting of the light chain and amino-terminal half of the heavy chain disulfide-bonded together
- 27. _____ ______ receptors, PRR, receptors on immune cells and epithelial cells that recognize and bind to PAMPs on microbes
- 30. B cell receptor, sIg on B cells that binds Ag and transmits signal 1 to activate B cells
- 31. IFN, family name for cytokines that help cells to resist viral infections; type 1 include IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, as distinguished from IFN-gamma
- 32. Cell adhesion molecule
- 35. ______ determining regions, CDR, the regions of the antigen binding loops of Ig molecules, antibodies and T cell receptors that come into contact with antigen
- 37. IL, general designation of many of the different cytokines, chemical messengers secreted by immune cells that help in their communication with other cells
- 38. Autoimmune regulator, a transcription factor that causes several hundred tissue-specific genes to be transcribed by a subpopulation of epithelial cells in the thymus
- 39. Regulatory CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells, a T cell subset that is responsible for suppressing or limiting immune responses
- 41. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, the end stage of disease in HIV infection
- 45. Major histocompatibility complex, designation for a family of cell surface molecules involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to T cells
- 47. or Fc region, Crystallized fragment of antibody, the part of an antibody that consists of the carboxy terminal halves of the two heavy chains disulfide-bonded to each other; the Fc region of an antibody is where Fc receptors bind, and so is responsible for antibody effector function (after antigen binding occurs)
- 48. Pathogen associated molecular patterns, repeating molecular patterns on microbes that are recognized by PRRs on immune cells
- 50. Natural killer cell, large granular lymphocyte that serves as an innate effector cell by inducing apoptosis of target cells (virally infected cells or tumor cells)
- 52. Ab, immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells
- 53. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, multiple drug treatment for HIV infection
- 55. human ____ antigen, HLA, name of MHC gene complex and proteins in humans
Down
- 1. Intracellular adhesion molecules, cells surface ligands for the leukocyte integrins; Critical in binding of lymphocytes and other leukocytes to certain cells
- 4. ____-____ receptor, TLR, a family of Pattern Recognition Receptors present on many leukocytes and epithelial cells that recognize PAMPs on pathogens and help initiate immune responses
- 6. LPS, a cell wall component of gram negative bacteria which can be bound by TLR-4 on macrophages and dendritic cells
- 7. Subset of CD4+ T cells characterized by the cytokines they produce; involved in fully activating macrophages and promoting CTL responses against intracellular pathogens
- 8. _____ cell, DC, a type of APC that presents antigen in the context of MHC to T cells
- 10. Member of TNF receptor family expressed on certain cells that makes them susceptible to being killed by cells expressing the Fas ligand
- 12. Subset of CD4+ T cells characterized by the cytokines they produce; involved in stimulating B cells to produce antibody against extracellular pathogens
- 14. thymus-derived lymphocyte that are comprised of two different subsets, CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells
- 17. T-cell receptor, the Ag receptor on T cells
- 21. T cells that express the co-receptor protein CD4 which upon activation differentiate into distinct Thelper phenotypes with different roles in adaptive immunity
- 22. cell ____ molecule, CAM
- 24. ____ presenting cell, APC, a cell that is able to present antigen via MHC molecules to T cell receptors on T cells
- 25. _______-activating genes, RAG1, RAG2, the two genes essential for Ig and TCR gene rearrangement; their gene products (RAG-1 & RAG-2) comprise the RAG complex
- 26. ______ leukocytes, PMN, white blood cells with multi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
- 28. ____ T lymphocytes, CTL, CD8+ T cells with the effector function of targeting and killing virally infected cells and tumor cells by apoptosis
- 29. human _____ virus, HIV
- 33. IR
- 34. Surface immunoglobulin, an immunoglobulin that is expressed on B cell surface
- 36. ____ regulator, AIRE
- 40. Recombination signal sequences, short DNA sequences flanking Ig and TCR V, D and J gene segments that serve as the binding sites for the RAG complex, allowing Ig and TCR gene rearrangement (somatic recombination)
- 42. tumor ____ factor-alpha, TNF-α (TNF), a cytokine produced by macrophages and T cells that is highly pro-inflammatory
- 43. mΦ, large mononuclear phagocyte that takes residence in many different tissues and organs and contributes to innate immune responses and can act as an effector cell in adaptive immune responses
- 44. Cell mediated immunity, adaptive immune responses in which there is a major role for effector T cells
- 46. B lymphocyte that upon activation can differentiate into plasma cells secreting antibody molecules or B memory cells
- 49. ______-binding lectin, MBL, soluble acute phase response protein that can bind mannose on pathogens; can activate the lectin pathway of Complement and acts as an opsonin
- 51. Transcription factor expressed in Treg cells that is needed for Treg cell function
- 54. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, a mechanism NK cells use to induce apoptosis in virally infected cells or tumor cells