Across
- 1. a black, carbonaceous substance produced during incomplete combustion of coal, wood, oil, etc., rising in fine particles and adhering to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke.
- 3. a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
- 7. an interchange of goods or commodities.
- 11. extreme and general scarcity of food, as in a country or a large geographical area.
- 12. an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.
- 13. Crop any crop that is considered easily marketable, as wheat or cotton.
- 14. the period during which a sovereign occupies the throne.
- 16. a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk.
- 18. Cartwright (1743-1823) – English inventor, and member of the Anglican clergy. Cartwright invented the power loom which significantly increased the efficiency of textile production.
Down
- 2. a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city.
- 4. to introduce machinery into (an industry, enterprise, etc.), especially in order to replace manual labor.
- 5. Humphrey Davy (1778 – 1829) – English chemist and inventor. He invented the Davy lamp used by miners to help detect gas and improve safety. He also discovered several alkaline earth metals and discovered more about the chemical properties of chlorine and iodine.
- 6. goods, cargo, or lading transported for pay, whether by water, land, or air.
- 8. Locke (1805 – 1860) English civil engineer. He built the Grand Junction Railway which connected the Liverpool railway to Crewe and Birmingham.
- 9. any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting.
- 10. a self-propelled, vehicular engine, powered by steam, a diesel, or electricity, for pulling or, sometimes, pushing a train or individual railroad cars.
- 15. Stephenson (1781 – 1848) Mechanical engineer, who developed the steam engine for use in trains. He was a key figure in building the 25 mile Stockton and Darlington railway.
- 17. Owen (1771 – 1858) – Welsh social reformer who attempted to build a utopian socialist and co-operative movement.