Influenza Virus

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  1. 2. The influenza virus belongs to this family of RNA virus.
  2. 6. Due to high sensitivity and specificity, reverse ______ PCR, is the top choice for testing for influenza.
  3. 9. This pathway is activated when IFN-α and IFN-β interact with their respective receptors in a paracrine or autocrine manner.
  4. 14. This is the second most abundant viral glycoprotein, which promotes the spread of the virions in the host.
  5. 16. This surface glycoprotein is the most abundant and is able to attach to the host cell to allow entry of the virus.
  6. 18. While not approved for use in children, this antiviral treatment is available through intravenous administration and has shown to decrease the severity and duration flu systems.
  7. 19. Also known as type III interferons, this type of interferon play an important role in anti-viral responses with IFN-α and IFN-β.
  8. 21. Low pathogenic avian Influenza A viruses are contained in the mucus of the human _____ glands, preventing them from entering the lower respiratory tract.
  9. 22. This type of pathogen recognition receptor binds with PAMPs on the viruses to initiate signaling for innate immune response.
  10. 24. A multiple function protein, the ____ protein is a major inhibitor of the innate immune response of the host.
  11. 26. This is the most common clinical complication of influenza in the elderly.
  12. 28. These cells are antigen-presenting and are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response during an influenza viral infection.
  13. 29. A secondary bacterial infection can follow an influenza virus infection; this includes Streptococcus pneumoniae and ________ aureus.
  14. 31. These cells, including smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, make up the connective tissue in lung, and have many functions, including promoting tissue repair by producing growth factors that can stimulate epithelial cells.
  15. 32. This type of influenza can also infect animals, such as swine and cause minor upper respiratory symptoms in humans.
  16. 34. The flu vaccine derived from four different influenza viral strain, making it ____.
  17. 36. Three signals are required to activate this, which triggers cytokine production; one of the signals is the M2 ion channel, that is encoded by the influenza virus.
  18. 38. Epithelial cells in the human airway undergo apoptosis when the ______-dependent pathway is triggered by nonstructural protein-1.
  19. 40. This type of influenza, although less commmon, is highly contagious and can result in serious illness.
  20. 44. When this occurs between multiple virus strains in a person, it results in new subtypes of strains that can cause an outbreak at the global level.
  21. 45. This antiviral protein (ZAP) inhibits the influenza virus A proteins--PB2 and PA--from being expressed by reducing expression of the viral mRNA and preventing translation from occurring.
  22. 47. Located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, type 1 major ____ complex molecules present viral peptides to CD8+ T cells.
  23. 48. Occurs with age and is characterized by weakened humoral response, with lower diversity in T cell receptors and reduced T cell function.
  24. 49. This characteristic of the influenza virus' hemagglutinin allows it to escape the immune surveillance of the host, leading to seasonal epidemics.
  25. 50. A person infected with the influenza virus will primarily have replication in the epithelium of the ____ system.
Down
  1. 1. Generic for Relenza; it is available to be taken by inhalation route.
  2. 3. Produced by cytotoxic T cells, this molecule bind to the infected cell to allow granzymes to enter by forming a pore on the membrane of the cell.
  3. 4. These cells are a part of the innate immune system; they target, bind to, and lyse infected cells.
  4. 5. This type of therapy is not effective in the treatment of influenza virus infections because it prevent systemic effects by targeting host factors at the site of the infection.
  5. 7. This is a newer antiviral treatment for influenza that has been shown to stop viral replication faster than oseltamivir.
  6. 8. TNF and IL6 are examples of pro-inflammatory _______.
  7. 10. IFN-induced _______ protein families prevent viruses from entering the host by changing the properties of the cellular membrane.
  8. 11. Although it is straightforward and quick to perform, the rapid _____ test is a type of immunoassay that has lower sensitivity compared to other tests due to dependence on the course of the disease.
  9. 12. This antibody isotype can be found in the mucosal surface, preventing foreign agents before they are able to cross the mucosal barrier to infect the cell.
  10. 13. The first line of defense that is responsible for triggering inflammatory response is provided by the host's _____ immune system.
  11. 15. This type of immunity, resulting from prior exposure, can help prevent severe symptoms when exposed to the flu virus.
  12. 17. Taking this kind of drug can reduce symptoms such as headache and fever caused by the flu.
  13. 20. This type of influenza does not affect humans, only animals.
  14. 22. This type of influenza is widespread and the most common during the flu season.
  15. 23. This type of animal is a reservoir for the flu virus.
  16. 25. This is the movement of transcription factors to the nucleus, where the transcription of genes occur for interferons and cytokines that are responsible for promoting inflammation.
  17. 27. Type A influenza can result in acute respiratory _____ syndrome, also known as ARDS, which is failure of gas exchanged caused by infection of the alveolar epithelial cells.
  18. 30. The brand name for oseltamivir, which is one of the four approved antiviral drugs for treatment of the flu.
  19. 33. In addition to coughing, this is one of the common ways that the influenza is transmitted.
  20. 35. The toll-like receptors of the host recognize these components on the virus.
  21. 37. Due to high ____ rates, the influenza viruses are constantly evolving and changing, facilitating its spread.
  22. 39. CD8+ T cells differentiate into this type of T cell, which stops viral replication by producing effector molecules and cytokines.
  23. 41. A NOD-like receptor, also known as NLRP3), that is expressed on dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages and pulmonary epithelial cells.
  24. 42. The flu is normally contagious during this season.
  25. 43. This method is the best way to prevent influenza viral infections.
  26. 46. Alveolar epithelial _____ cells, also known as AEPS , play a role in tissue regeneration in the lung following an influenza viral infection through effective repair.