Across
- 1. Torvalds A Finnish graduate student who coded and created the first version of Linux and subsequently distributed it under the GNU Public License.
- 6. code The sets of organized instructions on how to function and perform tasks that define or constitute a program.
- 8. server A server or hardware device that requests Internet resources on behalf of other computers.
- 9. number The number preceding the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version. It is used to denote a major change or modification.
- 10. platform A particular configuration and grouping of computer hardware, normally centered on and determined by processor type and architecture.
- 11. fix A solution made by a closed source vendor that fixes a software bug.
- 13. language The syntax used for developing a program. Different programming languages use different syntaxes.
- 16. services The services that are used to access shared resources on a network server.
- 18. The central, core program of the operating system. The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines Linux; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.
- 20. TO A task-specific instruction guide to performing any of a wide variety of tasks; freely available from the Linux Documentation Project at www.linuxdoc.org/.
- 23. Information and Computing Service (MULTICS) A prototype time-sharing operating system that was developed in the late-1960s by AT&T Bell Laboratories.
- 27. Source Software (OSS) The programs distributed and licensed so that the source code making up the program is freely available to anyone who wants to examine, utilize, or improve upon it.
- 31. The capability of computers to increase workload as the number of processors increases.
- 32. OS X A version of UNIX developed by Apple for use on Apple desktop computers and servers.
- 33. The programs developed and provided at minimal cost to the end user. These programs are initially free but require payment after a period of time or a certain amount of usage.
- 35. A type of operating system that has the capability to provide access to multiple users simultaneously.
- 40. A software operating system originated by Linus Torvalds. The common core, or kernel, continues to evolve and be revised. Differing OSS bundled with the Linux kernel is what defines the wide variety of distributions now available.
- 42. Mini-UNIX created by Andrew Tannenbaum. Instructions on how to code the kernel for this version of the UNIX operating system were publicly available. Using this as a starting point, Linus Torvalds improved this version of UNIX for the Intel platform and created the first version of Linux.
- 43. Protocol (IP) address A unique string of numbers assigned to a computer to uniquely identify it on the Internet.
- 44. Windows The core component of the GUI in Linux.
- 45. number The number following the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version, denoting a minor modification. If odd, it is a version under development and not yet fully tested. See also developmental kernel and production kernel.
- 47. interface The interface the user sees and uses to interact with the operating system and application programs.
Down
- 2. engine An Internet Web site, such as www.google.com, where you simply enter a phrase representing your search item and receive a list of Web sites that contain relevant material.
- 3. A version of UNIX developed by Hewlett-Packard.
- 4. A computer running routing software, or a special-function hardware device providing interconnection between networks; it contains information regarding the structure of the networks and sends information from one component network to another.
- 5. services The services that are made available for other computers across a network.
- 7. system (OS) The software used to control and directly interact with the computer hardware components.
- 9. Delivery Agent (MDA) The service that downloads e-mail from a mail transfer agent.
- 12. A version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems from AT&T source code.
- 14. A type of operating system that has the capability to manage multiple tasks simultaneously.
- 15. kernel A Linux kernel whose minor number (the number after the dot in the version number) is even and which is, therefore, deemed stable for use after widespread testing.
- 17. desktop environment (KDE) One of the two competing graphical user interfaces (GUI) available for Linux
- 19. A program loaded into memory and running on the processor, performing a specific task.
- 21. One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux, originally developed in Europe.
- 22. Passing Interface (MPI) A system that is used on Beowulf clusters to pass information to several separate computers in a parallel fashion.
- 24. A major Linux distribution that is widely used in North America.
- 25. Hat One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in North America, distributed and supported by Red Hat Inc. Fedora is a Red Hat-based Linux distribution.
- 26. An Internet protocol service accessed via an application program called a newsreader. This service allows access to postings (e-mails in a central place accessible by all newsgroup users) normally organized along specific themes. Users with questions on specific topics can post messages, which can be answered by other users.
- 28. manager The software used to install, maintain, and remove other software programs by storing all relevant software information in a central software database on the computer.
- 29. Transfer Agent (MTA) An e-mail server.
- 30. A compressed archive of files containing scripts that install Linux software to the correct locations on a computer system.
- 34. A set of instructions that knows how to interact with the operating system and computer hardware to perform a specific task; stored as a file on some media (for example, a hard disk drive).
- 36. cost of ownership (TCO) The full sum of all accumulated costs, over and above the simple purchase price of utilizing a product. Includes training, maintenance, additional hardware, and downtime.
- 37. The programs stored on a storage device in a computer that provide a certain function when executed.
- 38. number The number after the second dot in the version number of a Linux kernel, which identifies the certain release number of a kernel.
- 39. service The additional functionality provided by a program that has been incorporated into and started as part of the operating system.
- 41. The first true multitasking, multiuser operating system, developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, from which Linux was originated.
- 46. A mobile version of UNIX developed by Apple for use on iPhone, iPod, and iPad devices.