Across
- 3. the part of the operating system that resides in main memory at all times and performs the most essential tasks, such as managing memory and handling disk input and output.
- 6. a type of system developed for the earliest computers that used punched cards or tape for input.
- 7. a small computer equipped with all the hardware and software necessary to perform one or more tasks.
- 10. a collection of programs used to perform certain tasks. They fall into three main categories: operating system programs, compilers and assemblers, and application programs.
- 11. the physical machine and its components, including main memory, I/O devices, I/O channels, direct access storage devices, and the central processing unit.
- 12. the creation of a virtual version of hardware or software.
- 13. when two or more CPUs share the same main memory, most I/O devices, and the same control program routines.
- 14. a situation in which the dynamic allocation of memory creates unusable fragments of free memory between blocks of busy, or allocated, memory.
- 16. the historical name given to a large computer system characterized by its large size, high cost, and high performance.
- 20. a system that allows each user to interact directly with the operating system via commands entered from a keyboard.
- 21. the process of freeing an allocated resource, whether memory space, a device, a file, or a CPU.
- 24. a situation in which a fixed partition is only partially used by the program. The remaining space within the partition is unavailable to any other job and is therefore wasted.
- 25. the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices.
Down
- 1. memory allocation scheme in which jobs are given as much memory as they request when they are loaded for processing, thus creating their own partitions in main memory.
- 2. a node that provides to clients various network services such as file retrieval, printing, or database access services.
- 4. a technique that allows a single processor to process several programs residing simultaneously in main memory and interleaving their execution by overlapping I/O requests with CPU requests.
- 5. the process of moving a program from one area of memory to another.
- 8. the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the data and instructions must reside in order to be processed.
- 9. a number that designates a particular memory location.
- 15. a dedicated computer system that often resides inside a larger physical system, such as jet aircraft or ships.
- 17. a memory allocation scheme in which main memory is sectioned off, with portions assigned to each user.
- 18. an empty entry in a list. It assumes different meanings based on the list’s application.
- 19. a main memory allocation scheme that searches from the beginning of the free block list and selects for allocation the first block of memory large enough to fulfill the request.
- 22. the process of collecting fragments of available memory space into contiguous blocks by moving programs and data in a computer’s memory or secondary storage.
- 23. a portion of a program that can run independently of other portions.