Across
- 5. Finely attuned and dynamic assistance that is responsive to the learner’s needs
- 10. Size, elaborateness, richness, and diversity of the learner’s linguistic L2 system
- 11. Presents learners with clear information about target grammatical rules
- 13. The dominant language in a society, which often has the status of an official language. In the US, English is the majority language
- 15. Learning without any intention to learn Intentionallearning Learning with intent to learn
- 16. The process of creating procedural knowledge by incorporating elements of declarative knowledge into broader preexisting procedural rules
- 18. The amount of effort invested into a specific behaviour Demotivation Losing one’s motivation to accomplish something Amotivation Lack of motivation Ultimateattainment The eventual level of language proficiency attained by an individual lan- guage learner
- 22. Knowledge of the language resources speakers use for pragmatic purposes
- 24. Degree of deviancy from a particular norm; deviations are usually characterized as errors
Down
- 1. The socioeconomic histories and circumstances of individuals
- 2. Degree to which a speaker’s L2 accent resembles that of a given speaker community
- 3. The mental dictionary where humans store the words they have some knowledge of
- 4. Demonstrating the influence of a language other than the target language, often in relation to a range of values for acoustic measures or listeners’ rating based on a sample of imagined reference speakers.
- 6. Learning with awareness Implicitlearning Learning without awareness
- 7. Ease, eloquence, and smoothness of speech or writing
- 8. Also known as ‘collocations’ or ‘chunks,’ these are multiword strings that function as a single unit or word
- 9. Knowledge that can only be performed
- 12. Does not provide learners with explicit information about the target rules
- 14. A nondominant language in a particular society, which typically has lower status and less prestige than the dominant societal language
- 17. The gradual improvement in speed, error rate, and effort required that characterizes performance on repeatedly practice tasks
- 19. Aspects of students’ (and instructors’) lives that are meaningful to them and/or others in relation to their social worlds and histories Community The groups of people in which students live, study, work, or play or aspire to do so
- 20. Knowledge of facts (semantic memory) and events (episodic memory)
- 21. This is feedback on language as opposed to global feedback, which may focus on issues such as content or organization
- 23. Verbalisation of thinking processes in problem-solving activities