Across
- 2. A holy city to Muslims. This is where Muhammad was born, and where the Hajj takes place.
- 6. Islamic mysticism. Focuses on intense personal connections with God.
- 9. al-Din Known as being the greatest Muslim leader during the crusades. He united the Muslim people and fought against the Christians.
- 11. Khan Leader of the Mongols during the 13th century. Under his rule, the mongols conquered a lot of land.
- 12. Learned about this navigational tool from the Chinese. Used to find the cardinal directions using the Earth magnetic pull.
- 13. This is what rulers of the Ottoman empire were called.
- 15. Series of wars fought over the Holy Lands, Jerusalem. Muslims and Christians had three major wars, and other smaller revolts
- 16. Muslims used this to make the most of their scarce water. They built dams and aqueducts to bring water to cities and homes.
- 20. A known scholar who is best known for his work in astronomy and geography. He write about many different branches of science as well. Some of his more famous works are Suwar al-aqalim and Masalih al-Abdan wa al-Anfus.
- 21. Fourth pillar of Islam. A period of fasting during the 9th month in the Islamic calendar, Ramadan
- 22. Known as the Father of Algebra, the Prince of Physicians, & Algoritmi. Known for his work in mathematics, astronomy, geography, and medicine.
- 25. The head of the Islamic religion. Known as the rightly guided.
- 27. Third pillar of Islam, meaning purification. Urges Muslims to donate at least 2.5% of their wealth yearly.
- 28. A government with the leaders being Caliphs.
- 32. Belief in one god.
- 33. A person who follows or practices Islam.
- 36. The second pillar of Islam, which is daily prayer. Muslims pray 5 times a day, depending of sunrise and sunset.
- 37. The Holy book of Islam that contains revelations from God.
- 38. The first pillar of Islam. The affirmation of faith were a person exclaims, “I bear witness that there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is the messenger of God”.
- 40. This was an important field of study to Muslims. They found many ways to help cure people and perform difficult procedures.
- 42. A city in Spain that was under Muslim control for many years. Flourished as a center of culture and knowledge.
- 43. This is the study of animals. Muslims wrote books on animals and how they functioned.
- 44. Known as the round city. Developed in the mid 7th century by Caliph al-Mansur. This city was a center of learning and culture.
- 48. The party of Ali. Minority of Muslims who believe that Caliphs must be a descendant of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima.
- 49. This is an important business to many muslims in the medieval times. There were many merchants who took part in this action. This is also how Muslim culture spread to other places.
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- 1. A monotheistic religion started by Muhammad in the 7th century. One of the largests religion today.
- 3. A simulation of battle. Uses a person's will to win the game. Most likely brought by the Persians, and is still very popular to this date.
- 4. Muslims developed a system that is used to express the value or quantity of things. We use this system today.
- 5. A game create by the Persians. Players ride on horseback and hit a small ball with long mallet.
- 7. This is what rulers of the Safavid empire were called.
- 8. A place of worship for Muslims. The equivalent of a church, in christianity, or a temple, in Judaism.
- 9. A compilation of the credible hadiths, or verified stories about Muhammad’s life. Meant to set an example of how to live based on the Qur’an’s instructions.
- 10. There were many of these people in the Muslim empires. They specialized in math, science, medicine, as well as many other topics. There were locations were these people would meet, such as the House of Wisdom.
- 14. A fancy way of writing.Used Often by the Islamic people to write out phrases of the Qur’an
- 17. Majority of Muslims who believe that it doesn't matter whether or not caliphs are related to Muhammad. They have had a schism with the Shi’ites since the late 7th century
- 18. The ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. In his mouth muslims carry out the 4th pillar of Islam and fast.
- 19. A body of laws used to interpret the instructions from God. Based on both the Sunnah and the Qur’an. In this court, a qadi would hear trials and distribute justice.
- 23. Muslims made many discoveries in this field. Such as the creation of Arabic numerals and the discovery of algebra.
- 24. Most likely invented by the greeks, but improved upon by the Muslims. Used to find latitude given the time of day.
- 26. A style of art that focuses on plants. The have flowers, stems, leaves and tendrils in a repeating pattern.
- 29. Muslim scholar, known for his work in science and langue. He theorized evolution, more than 1,000 years before Darwin did.
- 30. This is the study of objects in the universe. Muslims used their discoveries in this field to tell the exact times for prayers and the months in the Islamic calendar.
- 31. Known as the lesser pilgrimage. Similar to Hajj but not mandatory and also occurs whenever the pilgrim chooses. This first occurred in 629 A.D.
- 34. Islamic prophet. Began Islam in Mecca in the early 7th century.
- 35. A structure that is believed to have been built by Adam for God, then rebuilt by Abraham. Muhammad cleansed the shrine of false idols and rededicated it to God. It is a holy place for Muslims. It is located in Mecca.
- 39. A group of nomads from China. They began their conquest in the 13th century under Genghis Khan.
- 41. A person who has been contacted by God. Muhammad was one of these people who is believed to have been confronted by a divine being.
- 45. A famous musician from Baghdad, who started a conservatory in Cordoba. Many musicians came to learn from him.
- 46. Means to strive. Represents Muslims’ struggles to please God and their struggles within themselves. This was used to justify many different religious wars.
- 47. Fifth pillar of Islam in which Muslims must take a pilgrimage once in their life. During the pilgrimage they circle the Ka’bah a total of 14 times, run along two hills, drink from the Zamzam river, climb the Arafat mountains, and throw rocks at pillars that represent Satan