Across
- 1. A patch of pixels in a compressed image or video that have less visible detail than the rest of the image.
- 5. The measurement in bits per second that information is transferred through a network from one computer to another. Throughput is measured in Kbps (kilobits per second), Mbps (megabits per second), and Gbps (gigabits per second).
- 7. Images stored by mathematically describing the shapes in the image.
- 8. A physical signal, such as text, numbers, graphics, or sound, interpreted by converting it into binary numbers.
- 9. Pieces of software that either compress or decompress digital media.
- 10. A smaller, faster, cheaper, and more durable electronic device that replaced mechanical relays, which were slow and tended to wear down over time.
- 11. Information that a user physically enters into a computer by pressing a key on a keyboard, clicking a mouse, tapping a touch screen, pushing a button on a game controller, speaking into a microphone, etc.
- 14. Kilobits of audio data processed each second.
- 15. A system for making digital resources publicly available over the internet using a web browser that paved the way for email, chatrooms, and social media sites.
- 16. A common lossless compression algorithm that looks for repeated patterns of bits or bytes and records the pattern and then number of times the pattern is repeated.
- 18. The representation of text by assigning a unique binary code to each character.
- 19. Images stored by dividing a picture into rows of pixels and collecting the color values of each pixel, in order, row-by-row.
- 21. In 1977, three successful personal computers were released to the public: The Apple II, the TRS-80 Model 1, and the Commodore Pet 2001. These three computers became known as the *BLANK*
- 27. The fastest, most powerful computers that exist at a given time. These computers have processing capabilities designed to solve problems that are too complex for regular computers. They play vital roles in the advancement of national defense, science, and social change.
- 29. An electronic device that allowed entire computers to be built into a single board, replacing modules for each part of the computer. Microchips paved the way for personal computer ownership.
- 30. The saving of information on memory chips, discs, or other storage media by a computer for later use.
- 33. The measurement in bytes of the volume that a storage device can contain. Storage space is measured in kilobytes (1024 bytes), megabytes (1024 kilobytes), gigabytes (1024 megabytes), and terabytes (1024 gigabytes).
- 35. Refers to how suitable the computer is for the task and how easy it is to learn for new users.
- 40. A compression algorithm, such as GIF, PNG, PDF, and ZIP, that doesn't affect the original data. A file compressed using a lossless compression algorithm, when decompressed, will be exactly the same as the file before compression, bit for bit.
- 41. The number of individual samples taken each second during digital sound recording. Measured in Hertz, the higher the sampling rate, the better the recording. Most modern sound recordings are made at 44.1 kHz.
- 42. Pronounced ask-ee and short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, the most common format for text files in computers on the internet where each character is represented by a unique 7-bit binary code. Extended ASCII uses an 8-bit binary code and allows for international characters.
- 43. The number of pixels in the width and height of each frame in a digital video recording. The higher the resolution, the clearer the image will be.
- 44. One *BLANK* is equal to 1,000 gigabytes.
- 48. The operations performed by a computer to retrieve, transform, or classify information.
- 51. Occurs when the Central Processing Unit (CPU) retrieves the information from RAM and manipulates it according to instructions from an application
- 53. The second step in designing a 3D model which converts the models into 2D images on a computer.
- 54. One *BLANK* is one million bytes of information.
- 55. The first step in designing a 3D model which provides the outline of the model, including only the vertices and lines without including any surfaces, textures, or lighting.
- 56. Completed in 1944. Was created by engineers from Harvard and IBM. Was used by the Allies during World War II. Also assisted in creating simulations for the Manhattan Project.
- 57. The part of a sound wave that is captured, measured, and assigned a numeric value during digital sound recording.
- 58. A group of eight bits joined together.
- 59. In 1954, IBM created its first supercomputer called the *BLANK*
Down
- 2. An advanced rendering method that is used to create incredibly realistic lighting effects for things like video games and movies.
- 3. A field of study that looks at how computers and other kinds of technology interact with humans.
- 4. The number of images, or frames, that are taken each second during digital video recording. Most digital videos have a frame rate of about 30 frames per second.
- 6. One *BLANK* is equal to 1,000 bytes.
- 12. One *BLANK* is one billion bytes.
- 13. A numbering system that uses two digits, 0 and 1.
- 17. A way of reducing the size of files, making them easier to store.
- 20. Refers to what percentage of a goal the computer is able to achieve.
- 22. An early computing machine that used punched cards and metal pins. It was used to compile the 1890 US census.
- 23. The representation of integers using a group of bytes. Normally, one bit in one of the byes represents the sign, 1 for negative and 0 for positive. The remaining 31 bits are used to encode the number itself using binary digits.
- 24. This computer was developed in 1975. It was a type of vector computer that boasted speeds of 160 megaflops.
- 25. An international 16-bit encoding standard that accommodates character sets from multiple languages, with each letter, digit, or symbol being assigned a unique numeric value.
- 26. A numbering system that uses sixteen digits, 0 through 9, and A through F.
- 28. Information that a computer returns to a user such as images on a screen, sounds from speakers, and printed pages.
- 31. A compression algorithm, such as JPG, MP3, and MP4, that slightly alters the data to make it easier to store, taking advantage of the limitations of human sight and hearing, and is usually used for images, videos, and audio files.
- 32. The amount of memory the computer uses to display colors in a digital image or a digital video.
- 33. In 1965 *BLANK* built a supercomputer called the CDC 6600 while working for the Control Data Corporation
- 34. Data can be *BLANK* temporarily on memory chips (this is often considered to be part of processing) or it can be saved long-term *BLANK* on hard disks or other *BLANK* media, such as an optical discs and thumb drives.
- 36. In 1947, scientists at *BLANK* invented the transistor
- 37. In 1959, researchers at *BLANK* developed an integrated circuit, or microchip
- 38. A numbering system that uses ten digits, 0 through 9.
- 39. In 1964, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funded a project at the University of Illinois called *BLANK*. It was noted as being one of most complex computers in history.
- 45. The amount of memory used to store the numeric value of a sound sample during digital sound recording. 8-bit sound uses eight bits (or one byte) to store the value of each sample. 16-bit sound uses two bytes per sample. Generally speaking, the better the bit depth, the better the sound.
- 46. The speed at which a computer processes information, as measured by the number of cycles per second (Hertz) that the computer's CPU operates at. Processor speed is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, and gigahertz.
- 47. The smallest unit of digital information, represented by a 1 or 0.
- 49. Refers to how happy the user is with how the computer functioned.
- 50. Refers to measuring how much time it takes the computer to complete a task.
- 52. A mobile phone that functions as a computer and allows users to access the internet.
- 60. Display A display on a computer monitor that is made up of sets of tiny red, green, and blue (RGB) lights, each set combining to make a pixel.