Across
- 4. an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template
- 6. has the advantage of improving editing efficiency and consistency while reducing off-target effects
- 9. the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins
- 13. an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
- 15. molecular phenotypes that can drive clinical phenotypes and may predict disease progression
- 16. Sanger DNA sequencing
- 20. five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules
- 22. the structural units (monomers) that make up proteins
- 24. one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T
- 26. a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation
- 29. DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA
- 33. cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus
- 34. short synthetic oligonucleotide pre-annealed duplexes
- 35. non coding sequences
- 36. a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
- 38. the length of time for which a person or animal lives or a thing functions
- 39. Ribonucleic acid
- 40. a simple sugar and carbohydrate
- 41. a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
- 44. Translates DNA or mRNA to the other
- 45. structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA
Down
- 1. in the nucleus the DNA code is
- 2. inheritance or biological inheritance
- 3. an enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides
- 5. term that refers to the strand used by DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase to attach complementary bases during DNA replication or RNA transcription
- 7. rganic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate
- 8. molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome
- 10. a type of electromagnetic radiation
- 11. an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation
- 12. DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms
- 14. the combination of ideas to form a theory or system
- 17. a genetically determined characteristic
- 18. a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain
- 19. dogma the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product
- 21. passing, or capable of passing, naturally from parent to offspring through the genes
- 23. experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal
- 25. the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus
- 27. technique used for the separation of particles from a solution
- 28. the enzyme-mediated synthesis of a DNA molecule from an RNA template
- 30. inorganic or organic chemistry in the natural environment before the advent of life on Earth
- 31. one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine
- 32. a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
- 37. a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA
- 42. a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
- 43. messenger RNA