Across
- 7. body an organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs
- 9. bond the attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule
- 10. a region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom
- 12. equilibrium the state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions
- 13. a non-protein group that binds to an enzyme and is essential for catalytic activity
- 14. a form of an element that differs in its number of neutrons
- 16. a whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- 17. a small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell
- 19. a peptide with more than 50 amino acids
- 21. system a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
- 22. reaction a chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water; also called a condensation reaction
- 23. a fibre structure made from actin that is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells
- 27. mosaic model the idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely
- 28. a carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units
- 32. heat the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by 1 8C
- 35. a double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells
- 36. reticulum (ER) a membranebound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell
- 37. protein an integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane
- 39. force the force of attraction between two molecules
- 40. molecule a molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides
- 42. membrane protein a protein on the surface of the membrane
- 43. reaction a reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water
- 45. molecules polar or charged molecules that are strongly attracted to water
- 46. the measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons
- 47. transport the movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient using pumps
- 48. the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates
- 50. protein a protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer
- 53. inhibition a situation in which molecules bind to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site, thus blocking enzyme activity
- 54. group a group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions
- 59. an ion that has a positive charge,
- 61. a process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule monomer a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules polymer a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain
- 64. a substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme
- 65. inhibition a situation in which a competitor substance binds to a normal substrate binding site to block enzyme activity
- 68. oriented in opposite directions
- 70. model a model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate
- 71. membrane a dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell
- 73. an organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme
- 76. an organelle that stores starch
- 78. an organelle with two membranes; the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration
- 80. molecules non-polar molecules that are not strongly attracted to water
- 81. a biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
- 83. reaction an electron transfer reaction
- 84. a liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance
- 85. carbohydrate a molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source
- 86. a radioactive isotope of an element
- 88. the property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution
- 89. junction a structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment
- 90. acid a molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins
- 91. wall the outer barrier of a plant cell; the cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant
- 92. wall a coating that is added to a plant cell wall; it is more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall
Down
- 1. tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells
- 2. a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction
- 3. an internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell
- 4. ER areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface
- 5. a lipid that is composed of four carbon rings
- 6. a large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape
- 8. the passive diffusion of water across a membrane
- 11. a small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal
- 15. acid a blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information
- 18. the loss of both the structure and function of a protein
- 20. a fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule
- 24. a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae
- 25. bond a link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge
- 26. wall a cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell
- 29. matrix (ECM) a molecular system that supports and protects a cell; a cell’s environment
- 30. der Waals forces very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together
- 31. covalent bond a bond between two atoms, made up of unequally shared electrons
- 33. membrane protein a protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer
- 34. protein a hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through
- 36. gradient the combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions
- 38. reaction a chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits
- 41. a type of steroid with an OH group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other
- 44. an organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll
- 49. a chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H1 ions
- 51. the process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions
- 52. bond a bond between two monosaccharides
- 55. diffusion the facilitated transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes
- 56. a chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds
- 57. the property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution
- 58. any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate glycoprotein a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid
- 60. a reaction in which a molecule loses electrons reduction, a reaction in which a molecule gains electrons
- 61. transport the movement of a substance across a membrane without expending energy
- 62. a lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings
- 63. fat a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain unsaturated fat, a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain phospholipid, a lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol
- 66. a molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms
- 67. ER areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes
- 69. a dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around
- 72. inhibition the regulation of a pathway by one of the products of this pathway
- 74. electron an electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom
- 75. regulation the regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein
- 77. diffusion the ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted
- 79. the building block of nucleic acids; consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups
- 80. the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution
- 82. bond a bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules
- 87. an ion that has a negative charge