Across
- 8. The smallest possible quantity (or quanta) of light. Light exists in discrete bundles of energy called photons.
- 11. The distance (separation) between any two successive peaks (or valleys) of a wave.
- 12. Any 1 of the 7 horizontal rows of the periodic table.
- 16. Principle that states that 2 electrons in the same atom may NEVER be in the same quantum state.
- 19. The exact number and type of atoms in a molecule (covalent).
- 20. A process by which the nucleus of an atom spontaneously changes itself by emitting particles or energy, a property of some element to break up and release energy.
- 22. A diagram showing 1 dot for each valence electron an atom has. The dots surround the element symbol for the atom.
- 25. Family of moderately reactive metals located in Group 2A of the periodic table.
- 27. A family of virtually inert (unreative) gases located in group 18A(8)of the periodic table.
- 28. Repeating at regular intervals. The periodic table is named for this because the rows are organized by repeating patterns found in both atomic structure and the properties of the elements.
- 29. Rule that states that the atoms of most elements (except H through B)strive to have a total of 8 electrons in their outermost orbital (by sharing, gaining, or losing electrons.)
- 30. The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.
- 31. A shape formed when a central atom has 2 unshared pairs of electrons and is bonded to 2 other atoms; water has this shape.
- 33. The attractive forces that occur between the + part of one polar molecule and the - part of another polar molecule; found between all polar molecules.
- 38. A shape (molecular geometry) formed when a central atom has 2 regions of electron density and zero lone pairs; 180 degree bond angle.
- 39. A value between 0 and 4 that describes the relative “pull” of an element for electrons from other atoms. High numbers mean stronger attraction for electrons; the ability for an atom to attract another atom’s electrons when bonded to that other atom; tends to increase from left to right and up to fluorine.
- 41. A group of quantum states that have similar spatial shapes. The orbitals are labeled s, p, d, and f.
- 42. The tiny core of an atom that contains all the protons and neutrons. It is extraordinarily small- about 1/10,000 the diameter of the atom.
- 43. A description of which orbitals contain electrons for a particular atom.
Down
- 1. A shape formed when a central atom is bonded to 4 other atoms.
- 2. The distance from the center of an atom to its “outer edge;” on the periodic table this property tends to increase as you go down a group and decrease from left to right across a period.
- 3. Electrons in the highest/outermost unfilled energy level. These are the electrons involved in making chemical bonds.
- 4. A trigonal shape (molecular geometry) formed when a central atom has 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pair of electrons.
- 5. A small molecule (with 2 or more atoms) with an overall positive or negative charge (usually).
- 6. A type of covalent bond formed between two nonmetal atoms in which the electrons are shared equally or almost equally between the 2 atoms.
- 7. A theory that states the shapes of molecules are dictated, in part, by the repulsion of the shared electrons and the unshared (lone) pairs of electrons.
- 9. A large family of less reactive metals located in Groups 3-12 of the periodic table; many known for their ability to lose different numbers of electrons.
- 10. Family of extremely reactive metals located in Group 1A of the periodic table.
- 12. A type of covalent bond formed between two nonmetal atoms in which the electrons ARE NOT shared equally.
- 13. The energy required to completely remove an electron; increases from left to right and up to helium.
- 14. the "dispersion" attractive forces that occurs between nonpolar molecules due to temporary, slight polarizations that occur when the normally equal distributions of electrons is shifted.
- 15. A representation that analyzes a sample of light into its component energies or colors, can be a picture, graph, table of data.
- 17. Atoms or elements that have the same number of protons in the nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons.
- 18. A type of chemical bond that often involves a metal, which loses 1 or more electrons to a more electronegative nonmetal.
- 21. The family consisting of the most reactive nonmetals of the periodic table located in group 17A (7).
- 23. the set of quantum states that have approximately the same energy.
- 24. when a chemical formula could represent > 1 molecule, the same number/type of atoms bonded into different ways.
- 26. Any 1 of the 8(18) vertical columns of the periodic table.
- 32. An atom or small molecule with an overall + or - charge due to an imbalance of protons and electrons.
- 34. A trigonal shape (molecular geometry) formed when a central atom has 3 bonded pairs and 0 lone pair of electrons.
- 35. The attractions that occur between molecules.
- 36. (Z) The number of protons in the nucleus, unique to each element.
- 37. A theory of chemistry and physics that accurately describes the universe on very small scales, such as the inside of an atom.
- 40. Formula with the simplest ratio of atoms in a substance.