Language and Power Crossword

2. The dynamic in a conversation where one speaker influences, dominates, or controls the topic and direction.
3. The omission or slurring of a sound or syllable when speaking, such as turning 'going to' into 'gonna' or 'them' into ''em'.
4. The distinctive mode of pronunciation a person uses when speaking, which usually reveals their regional origin or social background.
7. Deliberately exaggerating the differences between your speech style and the listener's style to distance yourself or emphasize a separate identity.
8. Modifying your speech style, vocabulary, or accent to become more similar to the person you are talking to in order to build rapport.
11. Verbs or sentences that issue a direct command, instruction, or request (e.g., 'Listen!' or 'Pass the salt'), often indicating an exercise of conversational power.
14. When a speaker corrects themselves or clarifies what they just said after a mistake or misunderstanding.
16. Supportive noises or short words (like 'mm-hmm', 'yeah', or 'right') made by a listener to show they are paying attention without taking the floor.
17. Swear words or taboo language used to express strong emotions, which can alter the tone or power dynamic of an interaction.
19. Behaviors, statements, or requests that inherently damage, challenge, or mock another person's self-image or dignity.
20. When two or more speakers talk at the exact same time, which can happen accidentally or due to high conversational enthusiasm.

1. Communication characterized by spontaneous speech, colloquialisms, and a relaxed tone, typically used with friends or family.
5. A traditional dialect from East London where a word is replaced by a rhyming phrase (e.g., replacing 'look' with 'butcher's hook').
6. Using cautious or vague language (like 'perhaps', 'maybe', or 'I think') to soften a statement and avoid sounding too aggressive.
9. The traditionally prestigious, non-regional accent of British English, often associated with the BBC, royalty, and high social status.
10. Short, meaningless sounds or words (like 'um', 'uh', or 'like') used to pause and hold your turn while thinking.
12. A variety of a language unique to a specific region or social group, featuring its own distinct vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation rules.
13. Helper verbs (like 'must', 'can', 'should', 'might') that express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability, frequently used in hedging.
15. Strategies used by speakers to avoid embarrassment, maintain dignity, and preserve their public self-image during an interaction.
18. Using linguistic strategies (like saying 'please' or softening requests) to show respect and avoid offending the listener.