Across
- 7. An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template.
- 11. It is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.
- 12. an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.
- 13. a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
- 15. Is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA.
- 17. state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio and , that the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.
- 18. ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA.
- 23. the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids, especially when conducted in order to identify individuals.
- 26. a gene or short sequence of DNA used to identify a chromosome or to locate other genes on a genetic map.
- 27. A sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.
- 28. relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.
- 30. consisting of folded molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome.
Down
- 1. the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome.
- 2. are enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes.
- 3. is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.
- 4. DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.
- 5. The cell's essential protein factory.
- 6. an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical.
- 8. is an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers.
- 9. the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene.
- 10. a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
- 14. During DNA replication a DNA double helix must unwind and separate so that DNA polymerase enzymes can use each single strand as a template for the synthesis of a new double strand.
- 16. any of the pairs of the hydrogen-bonded purine and pyrimidine bases that form links between sugar-phosphate backbones of nucleic acid molecules the pairs are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine in DNA and uracil in RNA.
- 19. the action of copying or reproducing something.
- 20. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.
- 21. scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime.
- 22. a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
- 24. the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
- 25. an enzyme that brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.
- 29. a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.