Lecture 15 - Pancreatic and bilary contributions to digestion

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Across
  1. 1. As its name suggests, ____ (abb.) stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder.
  2. 6. Pancreatic acinar cells stain _______ due to the high content of protein.
  3. 8. Proteolytic _________, that is _________ that digest proteins are secreted from the pancreas in an inactive form, or coated by zymogen granules.
  4. 10. The gallbladder __________ bile salts and other liver products.
  5. 11. Long chain carbohydrates are broken down in the duodenum by the pancreatic enzyme ________.
  6. 12. This enzyme is involved in the activation of Chymotrypsinogen and Procarboxypeptidase in the duodenum.
  7. 13. The pancreas is protected by autodigestion by _______ _______ (2 words) in the acinar cells, which contain digestive enzymes.
  8. 15. In the cephalic stage, pancreatic acinar and ductal cells are stimulated by the ________ input.
  9. 16. Snorlax is a very fat pokemon that has had its superior ability to retain and breakdown fat. This is attributed to overactive fat transportor molecules (chylomicrons), and high secretion rates of the pancreatic enzyme ________.
  10. 19. A fatty or acidic chyme entering the duodenum will stimulate the release of the entergastrone ________ to decrease stomach motility. Secondly, bicarbonate rich fluid is released from pancreatic ductal cells neutralise the acidity.
  11. 20. Bilirubin is broken down ________.
  12. 22. ____ in the duodenum will stimulate the release of the enterogastrones CCK and secretin
  13. 23. Entero-hepatic circulation allows for a high degree of __________ of bile salts, with up to 98% being recycled.
  14. 26. Bile salts are secreted across the lateral border of hepatocytes into the bile _______________, through a network of ductules and ducts, to finally end up in the gallbladder.
  15. 29. The steroid back bone of _____ _____ (2 words) is lipophilic, whereas the amino acid conjugate is hydrophilic. Thus conjugated ____ _____ (2 words) functions as detergents.
  16. 30. Bile salts ________ fats.
  17. 33. Bicarbonate, an electrolyte, is secreted by _______ cells into the duodenum to buffer acidic chyme and provide optimal pH levels for excreted pancreatic enzyme activity.
  18. 34. _________ is a key indicator of disease. Pre-hepaticac issues may lead to increased ________ in the blood. Hepatic disease may not allow the conjugation of _______ to remove it from the blood. Finally, a blockage in the bile duct may also cause a build up of ________.
Down
  1. 1. The pancreas is surrounded by a ________
  2. 2. The 'Bile Salt Dependent Flow' is a chemical stimulant of the _________, along with minor neural activity in the cephalic stage, and hormones.
  3. 3. Pancreatic ductal cells secrete ___________ in response to the highly acidic chyme entering the duodenum. This effectively acts as buffer against the acid.
  4. 4. Weezing, the evolved form Koffing, uses the attack 'Acid' to see off potential rivals. While the common name for the attack is 'Acid', there has been significant contention about renaming it 'Digest', as the potent secretion is actually a highly concentrated cocktail of zymogen granules containing digestive enzymes from pancreatic _______ cells.
  5. 5. The _______ phase is the most powerful stimulate of pancreatic secretion.
  6. 7. The electrolyte rich solution secreted by ductal cells accounts for a large portion of the volume in _________ secretions.
  7. 9. The ________ has important exocrine functions the orientate around the secretion of digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and tripsinogen
  8. 14. Horses, rats, and elephants don't have __________! Instead, they upregulate bile secretion as needed.
  9. 17. Bile salts aggregate spontaneously with fats to form ________, which allows pancreatic lipase to break the fat down.
  10. 18. Complex intracellular mechanisms stabilize _________ enzymes in the pancreatic acinar cells to prevent autodigestion of the pancreas.
  11. 21. Food in the stomach, gastric distention, and the presence of protein will increase pancreatic secretion by the vago-vagal reflex, and _________ release.
  12. 24. The Sphincter of _____ is the name of the area where the pancreatic and common bile ducts reach the duodenum in some species.
  13. 25. This is a precursor of bilirubin
  14. 27. Bicarbonate and CCK are released in response to high ____ in the duodenum
  15. 28. Proteolytic enzymes breakdown ________.
  16. 31. The pancreatic lobules are separated by thin strips of connective tissue called _______.
  17. 32. Lipase breaks down _____.