Light-dependent photosynthesis

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  1. 1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron carrier molecule that is reduced to form NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.
  2. 5. The process by which water molecules are split into oxygen (O2), protons (H+ ions), and electrons (e-) within Photosystem II during photosynthesis.
  3. 6. gradient: A difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across the thylakoid membrane, created by the movement of protons during electron transport, which stores potential energy.
  4. 9. The second of two photosystems in the light-dependent reactions, responsible for further electron transfer and the generation of NADPH.
  5. 10. II (PSII): The first of two photosystems in the light-dependent reactions, responsible for water splitting, electron transfer, and the initial generation of ATP.
  6. 12. Complexes of proteins, pigments, and other molecules within the thylakoid membranes responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.
  7. 14. A chlorophyll-a molecule located in the reaction center of Photosystem II (PSII), which is the primary electron donor in PSII.
  8. 15. reactions The initial stage of photosynthesis that takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and relies on light energy to generate ATP and NADPH.
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  1. 2. The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose and other organic compounds.
  2. 3. The process by which protons flow through ATP synthase, releasing their potential energy to synthesize ATP.
  3. 4. motive force (PMF): The potential energy stored in the proton gradient, which is used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.
  4. 7. transport chain. A series of protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membrane that transfer high-energy electrons from photosystems to generate a proton gradient.
  5. 8. Green pigment molecules found in chloroplasts that absorb light energy and play a central role in photosynthesis.
  6. 11. synthase: An enzyme complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that utilizes the proton motive force to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
  7. 12. A chlorophyll-a molecule located in the reaction center of Photosystem I (PSI), which functions as the primary electron donor in PSI.
  8. 13. membrane. The membranous structure within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions occur and where photosystems are embedded.