Across
- 2. Interior “struggle” to submit one’s will to Allah as well as a holy war against the unbelievers
- 5. One who believes in one God
- 7. Nomadic tribes of Arabia that were hired to guard and drive caravans from Yemen to Damascus
- 8. “Successor” to the Prophet Muhammad and the spiritual and military leader of Islam
- 13. Beautiful and ornate handwriting
- 15. The central tenets of the Islamic faith
- 18. A man who has a religious authority over a local mosque or particular territory
- 19. The Byzantine emperor, and military genius who defeated the Persians and lost to the Arabs
- 20. Neighboring city of Medina that became Muhammad’s capital city when he was kicked out of Mecca Islam’s holiest city, birthplace of Muhammad
- 21. The third caliph, founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs
- 22. The Muslim governor of a province
- 24. The shrine at the center of Mecca and Islam’s holiest place
- 25. A major division of Islam meaning “legitimate, loyal and traditional”
Down
- 1. A major division of Islam meaning “partisan”
- 3. King of the Persian tribes that formed a deadly army that swept across Mesopotamia and into Syria and Palestine, and took Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire.
- 4. Muhammad’s flight from Mecca and the beginning of the Muslim count of years
- 6. Muhammad’s father-in-law and the first caliph
- 9. “Submission” to Allah and the name of the religion founded by Muhammad
- 10. Constantine’s mother who discovered the true cross of Christ in Jerusalem
- 11. The fourth caliph, Muhammad’s son-in-law
- 12. A man who has the authority to preach and lead prayer in Islam
- 14. Having two or more wives
- 16. Arabic word for God
- 17. The founder and Prophet of the Islamic religion
- 23. The second caliph whose armies conquered Mesopotamia, Persia, and Egypt
- 24. The scripture of Islam containing the record of Muhammad’s prophecies and commands
