Across
- 6. whose source code is publicly available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. Linux is the most famous example.
- 9. The program that interprets commands typed in the terminal. Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is the most common shell on Linux systems.
- 11. A tool that installs, updates, and removes software on a Linux system. Different distros use different ones — Ubuntu uses apt, Fedora uses dnf, Arch uses pacman.
- 13. An open-source kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991, inspired by UNIX. Combined with GNU tools, it forms the basis of hundreds of operating systems worldwide.
- 14. A project started by Richard Stallman in 1983 to build a free Unix-like operating system. GNU provided most of the tools that surround the Linux kernel in a complete OS.
- 15. The core of an operating system — the part that directly talks to the hardware. Linux is technically just a kernel; everything else built around it makes a full OS.
- 19. Software that manages a computer's hardware and provides services for programs to run. Linux, Windows, and macOS are all examples.
- 20. A server that stores software packages for a distro. When you install software through a package manager, it downloads from the distro's official repo.
Down
- 1. A text-based interface for interacting with the OS by typing commands. Central to Linux and a major focus of your course.
- 2. Finnish-American software engineer who created the Linux kernel in 1991 as a personal project while a student at the University of Helsinki.
- 3. A mobile operating system built on the Linux kernel, developed by Google. One of the most widely used Linux-based systems in the world — most students already use it.
- 4. Environment The graphical layer of a Linux system — windows, icons, menus, and taskbars. Examples include GNOME, KDE Plasma, and XFCE. One distro can offer multiple DEs.
- 5. Software Software that gives users the freedom to run, study, modify, and share it. "Free" refers to freedom, not price — a distinction Richard Stallman famously emphasized.
- 7. A complete Linux-based operating system packaged with a kernel, GNU tools, a desktop environment, and software. Examples include Ubuntu, Fedora, and Arch Linux.
- 8. When developers take an existing open-source project's code and start a new, independent version of it. Many Linux distros are forks of other distros — Ubuntu forked from Debian, for example.
- 10. An influential operating system developed at Bell Labs in 1969. Most modern OSes, including Linux and macOS, trace their design philosophy back to it.
- 12. The license that protects Linux and GNU software. It guarantees that anyone can use, modify, and share the software — but any modifications must also remain open source.
- 16. Programmer and activist who founded the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation, and authored the GPL. Argues that software freedom is a moral issue, not just a technical one.
- 17. Software Software whose source code is owned and kept private by a company. Users can use it but can't see or modify how it works. Windows is an example.
- 18. A version of a distro that receives security and bug fix updates for an extended period (often 5 years). Important for servers and schools that need stability.