Logical Fallacies

2. Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.
6. A conclusion that is based on insufficient evidence or information. This logical fallacy is committed when a conclusion is drawn from a "haste" or hurried study of insufficient or inadequate evidence.
9. Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption.
12. This argument refers to a non-authority celebrity or popular icon as though they are an authority on a topic. Since some people hold celebrities in high regard, this can be used as a faulty persuasive technique.
13. Making the argument that because something is natural, it is therefore valid, justifiled, inevitable, good, or ideal.
16. A circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise.
17. An argument that distracts you from the real issue.
19. This argument suggests that because there is no conclusive evidence, we should accept the arguers position and conclusions on the subject.
20. Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false.
21. Attacking your opponent’s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.
22. Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth.

1. Judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it comes.
3. Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can’t be answered without appearing guilty.
4. Making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument.
5. Asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen.
7. This conclusion is based on the idea that if "A" came after "B," then "B" must have caused "A." This logical fallacy is also committed due to insufficient evidence about the event.
8. Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument.
10. Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
11. Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong.
13. Using personal eperience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument, especially to dismiss statistics.
14. Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser---answering criticism with criticism.
15. Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation.
18. Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that it’s therefore not true.