Major thinkers / schools of thought of the Hellenistic World

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  1. 2. (310-230 BCE) Greek astronomer from the island of Samos off the coast of W Anatolia / became one of the first known thinkers to argue that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the solar system - estimated the relative sizes and distances of the Sun and the Moon, developing an early heliocentric model nearly 1,800 years before Copernicus
  2. 4. Hellenistic philosophy founded by Epicurus in Athens during the 4th century BCE / taught that happiness came from seeking moderation, friendship, and freedom from fear, especially fear of death and the gods / its practitioners believed the good life was not about luxury or excess, but enjoying simple pleasures with friends and avoiding unnecessary desires (ex. sharing a meal with friends rather than chasing wealth or political power) / emphasized a peaceful life of simple pleasures rather than wealth or political ambition - “enjoy the little things”
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  1. 1. Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens during the 3rd century BCE / taught that people should live according to reason, practice self-control, and accept events beyond their control / its practitioners believed that happiness came from mastering your emotions rather than being controlled by outside events (ex. a person loses wealth, but remains calm because their character matters more than possessions) / became one of the most influential philosophies of the Hellenistic and Roman worlds, later influencing Roman thinkers such as Seneca and Marcus Aurelius
  2. 2. (287-212 BCE) Greek mathematician, scientist, and engineer from Syracuse who became one of the greatest thinkers of the Hellenistic World / made major contributions to geometry, physics, and engineering, including calculating an approximation of π, developing principles of buoyancy, and creating practical inventions such as the Archimedes screw for moving water / used his scientific knowledge to help defend Syracuse against Rome during the Second Punic War by designing advanced defensive machines, w/ ancient writers describing the Claw of ________ that grabbed Roman ships w/ a large hook and lifted them out of the water
  3. 3. (c. 300 BCE) Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria during the Hellenistic Period / wrote Elements, which became the standard textbook for geometry for over 2,000 years - organized geometry around logical definitions, axioms, and formal proofs