Across
- 3. the time it takes for two consecutive wave crests (or troughs) to pass a specific point
- 4. ocean currents that occur in the upper layer of the ocean, driven primarily by wind and influenced by the Earth's rotation and the shape of coastlines
- 6. the vertical distance between the crest (top) and the trough (bottom) of a wave
- 8. a wave that moves through a medium, transferring energy from one point to another, such as ocean waves traveling across the surface
- 10. chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
- 14. a tidal pattern with one high tide and one low tide per day.
- 16. a layer in the ocean where temperature decreases rapidly with depth, separating the warm surface water from the colder deep water
- 17. the process where surface water sinks into the deeper ocean, often occurring when surface water is displaced by wind or other factors
- 24. ocean currents that flow below the surface layer, driven by differences in water density caused by temperature and salinity variations
- 26. measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline), with 7 being neutral
- 27. the top layer of seawater, typically ranging from 0 to 200 meters deep, where sunlight penetrates and temperature varies with weather conditions
- 28. a powerful tropical storm with strong winds, heavy rainfall, and a well-defined center, called the eye, formed over warm ocean water
- 29. mass of an object per unit volume
- 30. the force that acts to return a disturbed medium to its equilibrium position, such as gravity acting on waves to return them to a flat surface
- 32. higher-than-normal tides that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned, during full moon and new moon phases
- 35. long, uniform waves that travel across the ocean, typically formed by distant winds, and are characterized by their smooth, rolling appearance
- 36. small, surface waves with a wavelength of less than 1.7 cm, typically caused by light winds, and are characterized by their gentle, ripple-like appearance
- 37. a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, and another electronegative atom
- 38. a climate phenomenon characterized by the warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, often leading to weather disruptions like droughts, heavy rainfall, and temperature changes globally
Down
- 1. the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended particles, such as dirt or plankton, that scatter light
- 2. when a wave reaches shallow water, causing it to collapse or "break" as the water's bottom slows down while the top continues moving, forming foam and whitecaps
- 5. a tidal pattern with two high tides and two low tides each day, roughly of equal size.
- 7. a series of large, powerful ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides
- 9. continuous, directed movements of seawater driven by factors like wind, temperature differences, salinity, and Earth's rotation
- 11. lower-than-normal tides that occur when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other, during the first and third quarter moon phases
- 12. the concentration of dissolved salts in water, usually measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
- 13. the regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth's oceans
- 15. the process by which the ocean becomes more acidic due to the absorption of excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere
- 18. the force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract, due to cohesive forces between molecules
- 19. a tidal pattern with two high tides and two low tides each day, but the heights of the tides vary, with one high tide and one low tide being significantly larger than the other.
- 20. the process where cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean rises to the surface, supporting marine life and increasing productivity
- 21. the total energy of the particles in a substance, related to temperature and the motion of those particles
- 22. the initial force that creates a wave, such as wind, seismic activity, or gravitational pull
- 23. the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave
- 25. oscillations of water caused by the wind, gravity, or other forces, transferring energy across the surface of a liquid
- 31. the attraction between molecules of the same substance.
- 33. a climate phenomenon characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, often leading to opposite weather patterns from El Niño, such as increased rainfall in some regions and droughts in others
- 34. typically below 1,000 meters, where water is cold, dense, and has little to no sunlight