Across
- 3. Advanced______ that are important in the pathogenic sequelae of diabetes 9+3+8=20
- 6. Network of blood vessels and tissue that is made up of closely spaced cells which helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain
- 7. Developmental or berry aneurysms occur in _8__ __7__ 8+7
- 8. at the expense of hypertension. 8
- 11. Layers of blood vessels inside out (6+ 5+10) 21
- 12. In large- and medium-sized vessels small arterioles within the adventitia called ___4+7____perfuse the outer half to two-thirds of the media. 11
- 15. ______ syndrome, is caused by mutations in an epithelial Na+ channel protein that increase distal tubular reabsorption of sodium in response to aldosterone. 6
- 19. Dilated vessels are said to be
- 23. (20 to 100 μm in diameter) within within tissues and organs.
- 25. resistance ___10___ ___10___ is regulated predominantly at the
- 29. Inducers of endothelial activation include ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬__9__ __9+8__ and cytokines, which elicit inflammation and, in severe cases, can promote septic shock.
- 30. Arterial walls are ___7___ than corresponding veins at the same level of branching. 7
- 32. Synonym of idiopathic hypertension 9
- 34. Besides increasing risk of atherosclerosis,hypertension can cause cardiac ____and ____.
- 35. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme produced by renal juxtaglomerular cells 5
- 36. Renal juxtaglomerular cells, which are myoepithelial cells adjacent to the glomerular ________ arterioles. 8
- 38. ECs influence the vasoreactivity of the underlying SMCs through the production of both vasodilating factors like [NO] and vasoconstrictive factors like)__10__. 10
- 45. Angiographic appearance of vessels due to alternating vascular outpouchings and stenosis
- 48. Kidney changes due to chronic essential hypertension 6+15
- 49. Additional activators include hemodynamic stresses and lipid products that are
- 51. by venous 6
- 52. Thin-walled, endothelium-lined channels that drain fluid from the interstitium of tissues 10
Down
- 1. Rare form of hypertension which shows a rapidly rising blood pressure that, if untreated, leads to death within 1 to 2 years is _____ hypertension. 9
- 2. inducers of endothelial activation including cytokines and bacterial
- 4. which elicit inflammation in severe cases can promote __6____ ___5__ 6+5=11
- 5. Endothelial cells in liver sinusoids or in renal glomeruli are ___11___
- 9. to the pathogenesis of _________ 15
- 10. ___11_____ peptides are released from atrial myocardium in response to volume expansion; these inhibit sodium resorption in the distal renal tubules. 11
- 13. Arteries ≤2 mm in diameter are called ________. 5
- 14. Obstruction to blood flow due to dislodged thrombus 8
- 16. major branch of the arch of aorta, 4+10
- 17. Kidneys influence peripheral resistance and sodium excretion/retention primarily through the_______ststem. 27
- 18. Tissue with high metabolic rate that has high density of capillaries. 10
- 20. Reverse flow (due to gravity) is prevented in the
- 21. Focal irregular thickening in medium and large muscular arteries by a combination of medial and intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis. 13+9
- 22. Swelling of the optic nerve that reflects increased intracranial pressures called _______ is a feature of malignant hypertension,
- 24. ECs can respond to various stimuli by adjusting their steady-state and by expressing newly acquired properties—a process termed __________ __________. 11+10=21
- 26. Cells that resemble smooth muscle cells, that typically lie just deep to the endothelium of capillaries. 9
- 27. Endothelial cells have a __________surface that maintains blood in a fluid state 15
- 28. in severe hypertension; vessels exhibit concentric, laminated (“onionskin”)
- 31. Blood vessels slightly smaller (5 μm) than the diameter of a red blood cell (7 to 8 μm) 11
- 33. New steady state of sodium balance is achieved by “resetting of ______ natriuresis”,
- 36. Renin cleaves_______ plasma to angiotensin I. 15
- 37. “Inappropriate clotting” of blood in circulation 10
- 39. of the walls with luminal narrowing called _____ arteriolosclerosis. 12
- 40. Surgically generated ___13____ fistulas provide vascular access for chronic hemodialysis 13
- 41. Small irregularly shaped blood vessels in, especially the liver.
- 42. Secondary hypertension can result from adrenal tumor
- 43. response of the vessel wall to any insult regardless of cause. 7+10=17
- 44. Vasoactive agents (e.g., histamine) cause ____11______ of ECs 11
- 46. Abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ
- 47. of the arterioles 10+10
- 50. Unit of electrolytes 3