Medieval Europe

3. The title given to the land granted by a lord to a vassal.
4. A person who received land from a lord in exchange for service and loyalty.
6. The catastrophic pandemic that arrived in Europe in 1347.
7. The spiritual and administrative centre of medieval European communities.
8. The class of warriors who swore loyalty to nobles in exchange for land.
9. The supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
12. The agricultural labourers legally tied to a lord’s estate.
14. A religious community where monks lived, worked, and prayed.
15. A legal process where the accused might be forced to hold a red-hot iron to prove innocence.
17. A document that limited the power of the English king, signed in 1215.
18. The medieval tax, usually a tenth of one’s produce, paid to the Church.
19. System of mutual obligations that structured land ownership and society in medieval Europe.

1. The code of conduct expected of knights.
2. Name for the journey or expedition made for religious purposes, often to Jerusalem.
5. A medieval law court punishment involving public humiliation in a wooden frame.
7. A religious war sanctioned by the Church, especially those to reclaim the Holy Land.
10. The medieval trial where the accused was thrown into water to determine guilt.
11. A large estate including villages and farmland, ruled by a lord.
13. A traveling preacher who lived among the people, often taking vows of poverty.
16. The fortified residence of a noble, designed for defence.