Medieval Europe

6. System, Medieval farming method increasing production by rotating crops.
7. Carta (1215), English document limiting the king’s power and establishing rule of law.
11. Centers of higher learning that emerged in medieval Europe (e.g., Paris, Oxford).
14. Peasant bound to the land who worked for a lord.
15. Catholic Church, Dominant Christian institution in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
16. Architecture, Style featuring pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows.
18. Mounted warrior who served a lord under the feudal system.
20. Medieval system of learning that tried to reconcile faith and reason.
22. Head of the Roman Catholic Church.
24. Economic system based on the manor and self-sufficient estates.

1. Political and social system where nobles offered protection and land in return for service.
2. A noble who received land (a fief) from a lord in exchange for loyalty and service.
3. Land granted by a lord to a vassal.
4. Banishment from the Church, denying participation in the sacraments.
5. Series of holy wars launched by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims.
8. Organization of craftsmen or merchants who controlled the practice of their trade.
9. Code of conduct followed by medieval knights.
10. Frankish king crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 CE; united much of Western Europe.
12. Church court established to combat heresy.
13. Death, Bubonic plague that killed millions in Europe during the 14th century.
17. Church tax equal to one-tenth of a person’s income.
19. Roman Empire, Loose federation of Germanic states under an emperor.
21. Religious community where monks lived and worked.
23. A landowning noble who granted fiefs to vassals.